Annotated Bibliography

Addy, S.K. -

Buffler, R.T. - 1984 Seismic Stratigraphy of Shelf and Slope, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 68(11): 1782-1789. No Abstract Avaliable

Allard, M.M. - 1988 Heavy Mineral Analysis of Inner Continental Shelf Sediments, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. A heavy mineral analysis was conducted using samples from eleven vibrocores retrieved from the inner shelf of northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Heavy mineral weight percentages averaged 0.2% in the 2-3 phi fraction and 0.5% in the 3-4 phi size fraction. Mineral abundances ranged between 0.03% and 2.9%, with kyanite, sillimanite and zircon dominating the heavy mineral suite. Heavy mineral abundances generally increase westward in the 2-3 phi fraction from 0.11% to 0.24% in the top core intervals. An average increase in abundance of 0.15% occurs with depth in this size fraction in cores from Cape San Blas Shoal. Cores located on St. George Shoal contain the largest heavy mineral percentages, 1.6% and 1.8%, in the 3-4 phi fraction. The westward increase of heavy minerals found in the 2-3 phi fraction is not observed in the 3-4 phi fraction. Textural analysis indicates the study area sediment is medium to fine sand with virtually no gravel or mud. The eastern sediment suite includes cores from offshore middle St. George Island west to St. George Shoal. The sediment suite includes cores from Cape San Blas Shoal west to offshore Panama City. A slight increase in maturity as indicated by suite statistics occurs in the western sediment suite. The eastern sediment suite is less mature and appears to be more characteristic of a river- dominated environment. Quantitative analysis of the heavy mineral suite was accomplished on the x-ray diffractometer. This method was tested statistically and a comparison was made with the traditional point-counting technique. XRD standards consisting of heavy minerals found in the study area and a fluorite spike were used to calibrate standard curves for predicting heavy mineral weight percentages in sediment samples. Several samples of known composition comprised of eight heavy minerals were analyzed and plotted on the regression curves as a further check of the XRD method. Most samples fell within the second error envelope, the 95% confidence level, on the regression lines. The error envelopes serve as confidence levels for predicting a dependent variable based upon a known independent variable. Point-counting and x-ray diffractometry identified the same heavy mineral suite, with the exception of kyanite, which was not detected in a few of the XRD patterns.

Alley, R.B. - 1997 Holocene climatic instability: A Prominent, widespread event 8200yr ago. , Geology, v. 25, n. 6, p. 483-486 No Abstract Avaliable

Alpine Ocean Seismic Survey, Inc. - 2000 Vibracore Sampling Offshore of Cape Romano Collier County, Florida , Norwood, NJ

Amery, G.B. -

Bouma, A.H. - 1978 Structure of continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Tulsa, OK The continental slope in the northern Gulf of Mexico contains four structurally distinct provinces: northwest slope, central slope, Mississippi slope, and lower slope. Structural provinces are recognized through variations in structural styles which are related to the shape of diapirs and normal faults. On the central slope, diapirs are large, regular, and closely spaced or interconnecting. In the lower slope, diapirs are large, irregular, and interconnect at shallow depths. On the northwestern slope, diapirs are more widely spaced and a continuous (240 km) down-to-basin fault system develops at the shelf-slope edge. The Mississippi slope is structurally similar to the northwest slope. Differences in structural style may result from variations in initial thickness of the salt layer and loading rates as related to depositional rates and thickness of adjacent sediments. The central slope is an area where initial salt deposits were probably thick and sediment loading rates were high (3.6 km of Quaternary sediments alone at the shelf-slope boundary). Salt was initially thick, but sediments are thinner and loading rates were less in the lower slope. On the northwestern slope and Mississippi slope, salt was initially thinner and sediment loading rates were moderate to low. Relative initial salt thickness can only be estimated on the basis of present salt volume in diapirs. Salt domes and growth faults of the continental slope are similar to those that were ancestors to the domes and faults of the present coastal plain and shelf. Study of present slope features provides a better understanding of the evolution of diapirs from immature abyssal plain, continental rise, and slope features to the more mature features of the present coastal plain and shelf.

Anderson, H.E. -

Bart, P.J. - 1999 Evolution of the Apalachicola Delta during the last glacial eustatic cycle. , AAPG Bulletin 83(8): 1347. A study of the Apalachicola fluvial-deltaic system is part of a larger study covering the Northern Gulf of Mexico. The studies are being conducted to determine the response of different systems to changes in sea level and climate or fluvial geomorphology during the last glacial eustatic cycle. The Apalachicola system is unique for its ramp-type margin, relatively low subsidence, and drainage basin characteristics. The drainage basin of the Apalachicola system has significant relief with numerous perennial tributaries and a minimal distance separating Pleistocene uplands from the coast, compared with the Colorado and Brazos fluvial systems of Texas. As a result, the alluvial valley is deeply incised. Sediment delivered to the shelf is dominated by sands. During the summer of 1998, approximately 500 kilometers of high resolution seismic data was collected on the middle and outer shelf of west Florida. Delta lobes have been mapped along the shelf with relative ages constrained by the oxygen isotope/sea-level curve. Seismic facies analysis shows large (up to 500 square kilometers wide and 70 meters thick), sand dominated delta lobes on the shelf. Delta lobes occur within highstand, lowstand, and transgressive systems tracts. Progressive seaward shifts in the delta during the falling limb of sea level suggest a continuous sediment supply to the shelf. Sediment supply was more episodic during the transgression. A more precise history of delta evolution is currently under investigation

Anderson, J.B. -

Thomas, M.A. - 1991 Marine ice-sheet decoupling as a mechanism for rapid, episodic sea-level change: The record of such events and their influence on sedimentation. , Sedimentary Geology 70: 87-104. No Abstract Avaliable

Andrews, J.A. -

Keehn, S. -

Benedet, L. - 2003 Collier County Phase II Reconnaissance Sand Search (Jet Probes) and Geotechnical Investigation , Prepared by Coastal Planning & Engineering Inc. to Collier County Board of Commissioners and Florida Department of Environmental protection, April, 2003, 22 p

Angstadt, D.M. -

Austin Jr., J.R. - 1983 Deep-sea erosional unconformity in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. , Geology 11(4): 215-218. Multichannel seismic data and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) well information reveal a prominent erosional uncomformity in the deep southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Corresponding to a 44 to 38.5 m.y. B.P. hiatus (middle to late Eocene) at DSDP site 540 (Leg 77), the unconformity was apparently produced by the bottom effects of wind-driven surface currents (paleo-Florida Current) and gravitational mass movements capable of scouring the slope. Intensification of these sedimentary processes may have been related to global cooling and a reported drop in sea level in the late Eocene, but it may also have been part of a complex global response to a postulated Paleogene meteorite impact.

Anonymous - 1977 Accuracy of computer refraction simulation for predicting breaking wave characteristics and longshore transport. , Coastal Sedimentology, Florida State University: 131-171. No Abstract Avaliable

Anonymous - 1987 Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material. , Proceedings of the First Interagency Workshop, Pensacola, Florida: 271. The First Interagency Workshop on the Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material was held to improve awareness and acceptability of beneficial use options for dredged material disposal. The workshop discussed past, current, and future beneficial use applications and identified innovative and untested beneficial uses. The workshop aimed to contribute to the development of a logical beneficial use strategy reflected in long-term planning and management. Workshop participants stressed the cultivation of an atmosphere of cooperation, communication, and coordination among Federal and State agencies, the dredging industry, port and maritime authorities, and public and private concerns. Agency and industry overviews were presented and panels were held on the first day, highlighted by a keynote address by the Director of Civil Works of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (CE). Three technical sessions on habitat development applications, industrial and commercial applications, and special applications and concpts were held the second day, followed by informal discussion groups for each session. Session summaries and wrapup panels completed the workshop on the thrid day, which was followed by two highly informative tours of Gaillard Island Confined Disposal Facility and Mobile Harbor, Alabama, and the Perdido Key Beach Nourishment Project, Florida. The following conclusions were drawn by workshop participants: beneficial uses already made have been significant; the CE could do more with the beneficial uses concept if it had greater authority to do so; in some areas such as marine fisheries, there are still needs for baseline data on beneficial use sites; every effort to continue seeking beneficial uses should be made; every effort to continue close communication, cooperation, and coordination with other agencies, offices, and concerns must be made; and another interagency workshop should be held in 12 to 18 months. (See W88-02564 thru W88-02583) (Geiger-PTT)

Anonymous - 1996 Brevard County Shore Protection Project Review Study. , Brevard County, Florida, EPA: 714. PURPOSE: The restoration of a protective and recreational beach along 24 miles of shoreline in Brevard County, located on the central east coast of Florida, is proposed. The project area is located between Canaveral Harbor and Spessard Holland Park and includes the city of Cape Canaveral, Cocoa Beach, Satellite Beach, Indian Harbour, Indialantic, and Melbourne Beach. The northern reach of the project area runs from Canaveral Harbor to the northern limit of Patrick Air Force Base (PAFB) while the southern reach extends from the southern limit of PAFB to Spessard Holland Park. The 4.5 miles of PAFB has been excluded from the project at their request. Beaches within the project area are in a state of severe erosion and shoreline recession. Investigative studies have determined that construction of a protective beach would be the optimal method of reducing damages to structures and shoreline property. The southern reach includes 32 acres of nearshore rock outcrops, composed of lithified coquina limestone, and the protection of these outcrops was a significant issue raised during the scoping process. In response to environmental agency concerns, the northern limit of the southern reach was modified to exclude the portion of the shoreline which contains these outcrops. The recommended project would involve placing approximately 2.5 million cubic yards (cy) of sand along 9.4 miles of beach in the northern reach of the project area and 1.6 million cy of sand along 3.4 miles of the southern reach. The borrow area is located two to three miles offshore of Canaveral Bight. Beach nourishment would be timed so as not to conflict with sea turtle nesting season. Nourishment would be provided at six-year intervals over the 50-year life of the project. Initial fill costs would be $1.7 million for the northern reach and $2.3 million for the southern reach. POSITIVE IMPACTS: The project would reduce storm damage, benefit recreational resources, and protect shoreline property. The proj

Anonymous - 1997 Restoration of Assateague Island, Worcester County, Maryland. , Worcester County, Maryland, EPA: Main Report--387 pages and map, Appendices--317 pages and maps. PURPOSE: The restoration of beach in the northern section of Assateague Island in Worcester County, Maryland, is proposed. The 300-square-mile project area includes the town of Ocean City, the Ocean City inlet, Assateague Island, and Assawoman, Little Assawoman, Isle of Wight, Sinepuxent, and Chincoteague bays. Because of changing coastal dynamics and dense population and development, the coastal environment has been degraded by inlet and shoreline stabilization. In the 1930s, the Corps of Engineers constructed a jetty system at the Ocean City Inlet in order to minimize future hurricane damage. However, the jetty system has interrupted the flow of sand to Assateague Island for more than 60 years. The island, which was designated a national seashore in 1965, is currently experiencing sand deprivation problems, which might soon result in a breach of the island during a severe ocean storm. Seven alternatives, including a No Action Alternative, are considered in this draft EIS. Under the recommended plan, the short-term restoration plan would involve placing 1.8 million cubic yards of sand on Assateague Island. The borrow area to be used for the project is Great Gull Bank, an offshore shoal, and possibly a small portion of the ebb shoal. The area of Assateague to be renourished extends from 1.6 miles to 7 miles south of the inlet. The distance across the beach in that area would be increased to varying widths based on the erosion rates that affect each part of the beach. A low storm berm would be constructed to an elevation of 10.8 feet. The placement would be configured to restore the integrity of the island and yet to remain sensitive to the Piping Plovers, threatened and endangered birds found on the island. The estimated cost for the short-term plan, including five years of monitoring, is $17.2 million. A long-term plan for dealing with sand deprivation has not yet been developed. POSITIVE IMPACTS: The project would reduce storm damage and benefit recreational resources by helping to prevent an ocean breach of Assateague Island. An additional inlet would change the dynamics of the area and create serious environmental and economic problems. A breach would result in a significant loss of wetlands as well as losses to recreational opportunities, damage to property, and hazards to navigation. NEGATIVE IMPACTS: The project would cause the temporary disturbance of biotic habitats in the sand borrow areas and along the littoral zone in the immediate area of beach renourishment. LEGAL MANDATES: Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), River and Harbor Act of 1968, and Water Resources Development Act of 1996.

Antoine, J. - 1972 Structure of the Gulf of Mexico. , in R. Rezak and V. J. Henry Ed. Houston, Gulf Publishing Co.: 1-34. No Abstract Avaliable

Anuskiewicz, R.J. -

Irion, J.B. - 1997 Early man on the Florida outer continental shelf; sea level change and archaeological evidence at Ray Hole Spring , Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 46th annual meeting, Auburn, AL, United States: 2. No Abstract Avaliable

Applied Technology Management - 1997 Summary Report Shoreline Management Recommendations Comprehensive Coastal Management Plan Update, Palm Beach County, Florida , Applied Technology Management No Abstract Avaliable

Applied Technology Management - 1991 St. Lucie Inlet Management Plan: II Physical Inlet Characteristics. West Palm Beach, Florida , Applied Technology Management No Abstract Available

Applied Technology Management - 1997 St. Lucie Inlet Management Plan Physical Inlet Characteristics and Natural Resources. West Palm Beach , Applied Technology Management No Abstract Available

Applied Technology and Management, Inc. - 1989 Geotechnical and sand source investigation, Longboat Key, Report to the Town of Longboat Key , Report to the Town of Longboat Key, Applied Technology and Management, Gainesville, 66p. #1640

Applied Technology and Management, Inc. - 1987 Captiva Comprehensive Beach and Shore Preservation Plan, Third Draft, Gainesville, Fl. , Applied Technology and Management, Inc.

Ardman & Associates, Inc. - 1996 Vibracore Sampling and Laboratory Testing for Lee County Shore Protection Project, Lee County , Ardman & Associates, Inc.

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1973 Specifications General & Technical Provisions for Beach Restoration Project Jupiter Island , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Available

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1973 Town of Jupiter Island Martin County , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Available

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1975 Town of Jupiter Island Beach Restoration Project , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Available

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1983 Details of the Engineering Evaluation of the Federal Beach Restoration Project within the City of Vero Beach. Fort Pierce , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Available

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1983 Jupiter Island Beach Protection District Beach Restoration project. Delray Beach , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Available

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1971 Beach Erosion Control Study for Town of Gulfstream, Palm Beach County, Florida , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1972 Specifications General & Technical Provisions for Beach Restoration Project Hillsboro Beach, Florida , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1973 City of Delray Beach Beach Restoration Project, Sand Deflation , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1973 City of Delray Beach Beach Restoration Project, Sand Deflation , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1973 City of Delray Beach Beach Restoration Project, Interim Report , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1973 Specifications: General & Technical Provisions for Beach Restoration Project, Delray Beach, Florida , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1973 Town of Hillsboro Beach Beach Restoration Project Follow-up Report No.1 , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1974 Coastal Restoration and Preservation Program: Concept Development Report , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1974 Town of Hillsboro Beach Beach Restoration Project Follow-up Report No.2 , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1975 Town of Hillsboro Beach Beach Restoration Project Follow-up Report No.3 , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1975 City of Delray Beach Beach Restoration Project Follow-up Report No.2 (16 Month Follow-up) (8 Month Follow-up) , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1975 City of Delray Beach Beach Restoration Project Follow-up Report No.3 (24 Month Follow-up) , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1976 City of Delray Beach Beach Restoration Project Follow-up Report No.4 (34 Month Follow-up). , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1976 Design Analysis for Maintenance Nourishment Project, City of Delray Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1977 City of Delray Beach Beach Restoration Project Follow-up Report No.5 (46 Month Follow-up) , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1977 Design Analysis for Maintenance Nourishment project City of Delray Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida, Commission Number 4818.01 , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1978 Port Everglades to South County Line , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1979 City of Delray Beach Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project Follow-up Report No.1 (12 Month Follow-up) , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1979 Erosion Control Structures Evaluation for the Town of Hillsboro Beach, Florida , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1979 Preliminary Report Boca Raton Inlet and Adjacent Beaches. , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1980 City of Delray Beach Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project 24-months Follow-up study , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1980 City of Delray Beach Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project 24 Month Follow-up Study , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1981 Phase I, General Design Memorandum Segment II of Broward County, Hillsboro Inlet to Port Everglades, Beach Erosion Control and Strom Protection Study , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1981 Phase I, General Design Memorandum Segment II of Broward County, Hillsboro Inlet to Port Everglades, Beach Erosion Control and Strom Protection Study , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1981 Phase I General Design Memorandum Segment II of Broward County Hillsboro Inlet to Port Everglades Beach Erosion Control and Storm Protection Study , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1981 Phase I General Design Memorandum Segment II of Broward County Hillsboro Inlet to Port Everglades Beach Erosion Control and Storm Protection Study Appendices , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1981 General Design Memorandum Phase I Martin County Line to Lake Worth Inlet and South Lake Worth Inlet to Broward County Line, Palm Beach County, Florida , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1981 City of Delray Beach Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project 24-months Follow-up study , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1982 Coastal Structures Evaluation for the City of Delray Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1982 Boca Raton Inlet Dredge and Beach Monitoring Program, Mid-Study Interim Report , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1982 City of Delray Beach Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project, Offshore Borrow Area Investigation , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1983 FY `82/?83 Boca Raton Inlet Dredge and Beach Monitoring Program Mid-Study Interim Report , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1983 General Design Memorandum: Beach Maintenance Nourishment, Delray Beach, Florida , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1983 Boca Raton Inlet Dredge and Beach Monitoring Program, Final Report , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1983 Contract Forms and Specification for Repairs to City of Pompano Beach Fishing Pier, Project No, 82-384 , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1983 Five Year Environmental Follow-up Reef Survey for 1978 Delray Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1983 Comparative Grain Size Analyses of an Oolitic Sand and Sand from Potential Borrow Areas in Southeast Florida , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1983 Schematic Design Report 1984 Delray Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1984 City of Delray Beach Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project 60-month follow-up study , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1984 City of Delray Beach Beach Nourishment Project Contract Documents, Forms and Construction Specification , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1984 Boca Raton Beach Erosion and Inlet Monitoring Report , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Arthur V. Strock & Associates - 1971 Palm Beach County , Arthur V. Strock & Associates No Abstract Available

Arthur, J.D. -

Melkote, S. - 1989 Heavy-mineral reconnaissance off the coast of the Apalachicola River delta, Northwest Florida; a summary and new interpretations , Marine Geology 90(1-2): 51-57. No Abstract Avaliable

Ball, M.M. -

Martin, R.G. - 1982 Destin Dome and Western Florida Shelf. , AAPG Bulletin 66(5): 544-545. No Abstract Avaliable

Ballard, R.D. -

Uchupi, E. - 1971 1971Morphology and quaternary history of the continental shelf of the gulf coast of the united states. , Bulletin of Marine Science Vol. 20(No. 3). No Abstract Avaliable

Ballard, R.D. -

Uchupi, E. - 1970 1970 Morphology and quaternary history of the continental shelf of the gulf coast of the united states. , Bulletin of Marine Science vol.20(no.3): pp.547-559. No Abstract Avaliable

Balsillie, J.H. -

Carlen, J.G. -

Watters, T.M. - 1987 Transformation of historical shorelines to current NGVD position for the Florida Lower Gulf Coast , Florida Department of Natural Resources, Beaches and Shores Technical and design Memorandum No. 83-3, 141 p.

Balsillie, J.H. - 1975 Analysis and interpretation of Littoral Environment Observation (LEO) and profile data along the western panhandle coast of Florida. , Coastal Engineering Research Center Technical Memorandum. 49: 104. No Abstract Avaliable

Balsillie, J.H. - 1987 Predicted open coast tidal datums for the Florida panhandle Gulf coast. , Florida Department of Natural Resources, Beaches and Shores: 42. No Abstract Avaliable

Balsillie, J.H. - 1985 Long term shoreline change rates for Gulf County, Florida - a first appraisal. , Florida Department of Natural Resources: 44. No Abstract Avaliable

Balsillie, J.H. - 1986 Long term shoreline change rates for Bay County, Florida. , Florida Department of Natural Resources, Beaches and Shores Special Report: 84. No Abstract Avaliable

Balsillie, J.H. -

Clark, R.R. - 1992 The Gulf Coast of Florida: overview of physiography, geology, and historical shoreline change , Florida Department of Natural resources, Division of Beaches and Shores, 13 p. #1674

Banfield, L.A. -

Anderson, J.B. - 1997 Variability in lowstand depositional environments; examples from the northern Gulf of Mexico help in the search for lowstand reservoirs. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention, Dallas, TX, United States: pp.7. Over 20,000 km of high-resolution seismic data (40-2000 Hz) and hundreds of platform boring descriptions and samples have been analyzed in the northern Gulf of Mexico (offshore Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida) to reconstruct the depositional environments during the most recent lowstand in sea level. The lowstand units are interpreted to lie between the oxygen isotope Stage 2 sequence boundary (approximately 18,000 yr BP) and the oxygen isotope Stage 2 to 1 transgressive surface. Our study demonstrates a large amount of lateral variability in Lowstand depositional environments and corresponding deposits in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The deposits include sand-dominated and mud-dominated prograding complexes, wedges, and thin units characterized by periods of erosion and nondeposition. Sediments vary in thickness from 75 meter thick delta lobes offshore east and south Texas to thin mud drapes of negligible thickness off the central Texas shelf. The variability in the lowstand depositional environments appears to be controlled by sediment supply, shelf gradient and width, and tectonics. Understanding the contributions of different combinations of controlling factors in the various Lowstand depositional environments along the northern Gulf of Mexico, allows the development of depositional models to predict lowstand reservoir character and distribution in ancient strata.

Banks, L. -

Foran, A.T. - 1997 Hampton beach renourishment Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. , University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand, Centre for Advanced Engineering: 419-423. Advanced Engineering: 419-423. Hampton Beach Renourishment is the first major beach renourishment project in Port Phillip Bay for 10 years. The long standing proposal for the project was originally developed as a second stage in conjunction with works that were completed in 1987. When $3.2m became available over 1996/97 and 1997/98 the design was fully re-evaluated. It found that the scope for options was limited by the need to incorporate two stormwater drain extensions. The proposal that was recommended, from analysis with more modern numerical models and experience, reduced the rock anchor groynes from three to two but increased the beach width from 30 m to 50 m. Cost offsets from deleting the third groyne and a drain diversion enabled a new relocated lifesaving club to be included within the same overall budget.

Banks, R.S. - 1975 Beach erosion along the lower west coast of peninsular Florida , Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, v.25, p. 391-392

Bard, E. -

Hamelin, B. - 1990 U-Th ages obtained by mass spectrometry in corals from Barbados: sea level during the past 13,000 years. , Nature 346: 456-458. No Abstract Avaliable

Bard, E. -

Fairbanks, R.G. - 1989 Sea-level estimates during the last deglaciation based on delta (super 18) O and accelerator mass spectrometry (super 14) C ages measured in Globigerina bulloides. , Quaternary Research vol.31(no.3): pp.381-391. No Abstract Avaliable

Bard, E. -

Hamelin, B. - 1991 (super 230) Th- (super 234) U dating by mass spectrometry; variations of sea level during the last 3 kyr. , Sixth meeting of the European Union of Geosciences, Strasbourg, France,: pp.302-303. No Abstract Avaliable

Bard, E.R. - 1989 Sea-level estimates during the last deglaciation based on delta (super 18) O and accelerator mass spectrometry (super 14) C ages measured in Globigerina bulloides. , Quaternary Research vol.31(no.3): pp.381-391. No Abstract Avaliable

Stevens, R.W. -

Barnett, M.R. - 1988 Performance of Beach Restoration at South Seas Plantation, Florida , Proceedings Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Tait, L.S., (ed.). Tallahassee, Florida, pp. 65-73. # J69-0065

Bart, P.J. - 1998 Seismic-stratigraphic Analysis of Shelf-margin Delta/Slope Fan and Basin Floor Fan on High-latitude and Middle-latitude Margins (Ross Sea, Weddell Sea and Alabama/West Florida Shelf): Paleoclimatic and Eustatic Implications. , Paleoclimatic and Eustatic Implications: 184 pp. This dissertation consists of three chapters describing seismic stratigraphic studies in three very different continental margin settings. The first chapter discusses the northwestern Ross Sea, the second discusses the southeastern Weddell Sea and the third discusses the Alabama/west Florida margin. The purpose was to investigate stratigraphic relationships between deposition during glacial periods (i.e., eustatic lowstands) and interglacial periods (i.e., eustatic highstands) on high-latitude and low-latitude margins. the high-latitude Antarctic margin is of particular interest because it is over-deepened and surrounds a continent that is free of melt- water. Because of these factors, the shelf/shelf- edge were not subaerially exposed and fluvially incised during eustatic lowstands. Seismic-stratigraphic analysis of the southeastern Weddell and northwestern Ross Sea margins shows that sediments were sequestered in pre-existing glacial troughs or upper-slope fans, at the mouth of glacial troughs. Locations of trough fans and trough mouth fans were strongly controlled by the location of ice streams. This point-source component of stratal architecture contrasts with the implicit line-source assumption that dominates recent thinking of Antarctic stratal development. Point-sourced trough mouth fans are relatively stable features, but as evidenced in Weddell Sea, they have experienced intermittent large-volume collapse. Upper-slope collapse is predicted to have been related to a dramatic change in over- burden, initiated early in an interglacial period following a long-duration glacial period. Interglacial shedding contrasts with models of low/middle-latitude sedimentation, which suggest that the basin is sediment starved during the interglacial. Seismic stratigraphic analysis of the Alabama/west Florida low-subsidence, middle- latitude continental margin indicates that upper- slope shelf-margin deltas have remained intact throughout the glacial cycle, in spite of widesp

Bart, P.J. -

Anderson, J.B. - 1998 Alabama/West Florida shelf margin deltas; importance of fluvial incision as an initiator of slope canyons. , AAPG: pp.1778. Undoubtedly, bypass of fluvial sediments through canyon-indented slopes is an important contributor to lowstand depositional systems. However, due to complex interactions with other mechanisms (sediment supply, antecedent topography, salt tectonics, etc.) the question of how the process of sediment bypass of the shelf margin-delta system is initiated has not been resolved. In this seismic-stratigraphic study of near-surface stratigraphy of the Alabama/west Florida shelf (an area with low subsidence, no faulting and no salt tectonics) the isolated effect of fluvial response to relative-sea-level fall is investigated. In the study area, shelf-margin-delta depositional units are primarily composed of discrete prograding wedges. Based on available age constraints, we infer that these depositional cycles are associated with failing limbs of 100 ka glacioeustatic relative-sea-level cycles of the Pleistocene. Seismic-stratigraphic analysis, contour mapping and paleogeographic reconstruction of shelf-margin-delta environments indicate that slope-canyon connections between the shelf margin delta and upper slope did not develop in spite of frequent and widespread subaerial exposure of the shelf. Slope canyons may be lacking in the study area due to the absence of salt tectonics and growth faulting. Another possibility is that the sandy nature of surface sediments offshore Alabama/west Florida inhibits organized drainage from the subaerially-exposed continental shelf during relatively short Pleistocene lowstands. Nonetheless, based on the absence of shelf-to-slope connections in the study area, we propose that, acting alone, lowstand fluvial incision of the shelf edge is not an important initiator of slope canyons and fluvial bypass to to the basin.

Bart, P.J. -

Anderson, J.B. - 1998 Pleistocene lowstands on the Alabama/West Florida continental shelf; implications for the importance of shelf-edge fluvial incision as an initiator of slope canyons. , American Association of Petroleum Geologist regional meeting and the forty-seventh annual convention of the Gulf Coast Section of the Society of Economic Pal No Abstract Avaliable

Beacheler, K.E. - 1995 Bahamian aragonite: Can it be used on Florida beaches? Engineering issues. , Florida Shore & Beach Preservation Assoc.: pp. 43-66. This engineering evaluation reviewed the need for a source of sand other than the previously used offshore sources as well as a number of past and present concerns about the use of aragonite for beach nourishment. This evaluation was excerpted from a study specific to Broward County, but the concerns and issues that are reviewed apply to the entire southeast coast of Florida.

Bedosky, S.J. - 1987 Recent sediment history of Apalachicola Bay, Florida. , Florida State University: 247. The Apalachicola River Delta is the depositional terminus for sediments carried by Florida's largest river. This river, in conjunction with the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers, forms a watershed that drains 58,000 km2 of Alabama, Georgia and Florida. During the past 150 years both man and nature have had significant effects on the river system and bay. Over 90% of the land is presently devoted to timber farming and agriculture. The Apalachicola River has been dredged periodically since 1857. Between 1952 and 1963, II dams have been constructed on the three rivers. The purpose of this project is to determine what effect these alterations have had on sedimentation in the active delta and to delineate correlative sedimentary horizons within the recent sediments. Twelve cores, averaging one meter in length, were collected from the various sedimentary sub-environments of the delta and estuary. Down-core magnetic susceptibility and clay mineral profiles were compiled for each core. Pb-210 radiometric analyses were obtained on 4 cores to determine sedimentation rates. These data were supplemented with bathymetric digitization data from 3 historic charts of East Bay. Fluorescent tracer sands were emplaced in 18 locations to determine short-term sedimentation rates, hydrodynamic conditions and the extent of sediment mixing. The clay mineralogy data showed kaolinite to be the most abundant mineral in the bay, commonly comprising 70% of the suite. Smectite was next in abundance and generally represented 20% of the clay mineral suite. Quartz and muscovite were present in minor proportions. The down-core clay mineral profiles showed no long-term variations. The Pb-2l0 down-core radiometric profiles contained a break in slope at mid-depth, indicating a change in sedimentation rate which occurred sometime during the last three decades. Sedimentation rates for the active delta averaged 7 mm/yr. This value is similar to that determined by bathymetric digitization: 2.3 mm/yr was calculated for all of East Bay. This smaller value should be expected for the larger, less active area. The average linear progradation of the delta distributaries was found to be slightly over 2 m/yr. Magnetic susceptibility values for each interval were found to be directly related to the coarse grain fraction for that interval. Three distinct patterns were delineated in each profile, providing useful information for correlating between cores. The magnetic susceptibility data support the clay mineral data in that no long-term variations occurred down core. Cores which penetrated the fluorescent sand patches provided limited but useful information. One core contained a sediment mixing layer which was 9 cm thick. This value is very similar to those determined in the Pb-210 radiometric analysis. Two cores contained more than 1 cm of sediment deposited above the fluorescent sand layer, over a five-month period. This indicates rapid short-term sedimentation in places, especially during a period without storm activity. I The data reported herein indicate constant long-term sedimentation characteristics. The emplacement of aII dams on the three-river system may be correlated to variations in sediment characteristics but seem to have had no long-term effects in the delta. The rapid rate of sediment accumulation and lack of appreciable submergence will ultimately lead to the complete infilling of the bay within the next few centuries.

Benham, S.R. -

Boyce, R.L. -

Drexler, W.W. -

Hamilton, M.M. -

Smith Jr., L.B. - 1970 A carbonate sand beach, Bahia Honda, Florida , Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.2, no.3, p. 194

Berryhill, H.L. -

Suter, J.R. - 1984 Continental shelf sands, Northwest Gulf of Mexico. , Calgary, AB, Canada: pp.25. No Abstract Avaliable

Black, B. - 1998 A description of the circulation on the west Florida continental shelf , University of South Florida, Department Of Marine Science

Blackwelder, B.W. -

Pilkey, O.H. - 1979 Late Wisconsinan Sea Levels on the Southeast U.S. Atlantic Shlef Based on In-Place Shoreline Indicators. , Science 204: 618-620. No Abstract Avaliable

Blake, W.J. -

Stauble, D.K. - 1984 Temporal and spatial variations of sediment textural characteristics at several beach nourishment projects in Florida and New Jersey. , Florida Academy of Sciences, Boca Raton, FL, United States: p.38. No Abstract Avaliable

Bloom, A. - 1971 Glacial and isostatic controls of sea level since the last glaciation. The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages.in K. , Yale University Press: 355-379. No Abstract Avaliable

Bodge, K.R. -

Bodge, K. - 1988 Offshore sand sources for beach nourishment in Florida: southwest Gulf Coast , Prepared for Beach Preservation Technology '88, 21 p. # 2638 or #J69-0175

Bodge, K.R. -

Hodgens, E. - 1997 Recovery of a nearshore borrow area for inlet sand bypassing. , FL (USA), FLORIDA SHORE AND BEACH PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION: 215-229. Beach profiles along a nearshore borrow area, immediately north of Port Canaveral Entrance, were surveyed at 3- to 6-month intervals during an 18-month period subsequent to dredging. The borrow area extends 8000-ft alongshore, between the -4 ft and - 16 ft mlw depth contours. In early 1995, about 1 mcy of sand were transferred from the borrow area to the shoreline immediately south of Port Canaveral Entrance, as part of the inaugural Canaveral Harbor Federal Sand Bypass Project. Thus far, the borrow area's net rate of recovery (200,000 to 250,000 cy/yr) matches the pre-project rate of shoreline accretion. Recovery appears to have occurred progressively from north-to-south, in the direction of the shoreline's almost unidirectional longshore drift. The sand entering the borrow area appears to vertically sort, by grain size, in a manner identical to the pre-project (undisturbed) beach. Pre-project predictions of the beach profiles' equilibration - using both EDUNE and GENESIS methods - match the measured profiles' response exceedingly well. The average, alongshore rates of volumetric accretion within the borrow area and updrift of the borrow area are nearly identical - suggesting that the recovery of the borrow area is not necessarily due to exaggerated transport (diffusion) of sand from the uncut, updrift shoreline. Estimates of the cross-shore distribution of the longshore transport are developed for the first 3 months of the survey data, and correlated with the hindcast distribution of the wave break point and runup limit.

Bodge, K.R. -

Bodge, K. - 1988 Offshore sand sources for beach nourishment in Florida: southwest Gulf Coast , Prepared for Beach Preservation Technology '88, 21 p. # 2638 or #J69-0175

Bodge, K.R. -

Rosen, J.G. -

Watters, T.M. - 1987 Transformation of historical shorelines to current NGVD position for the Florida panhandle Gulf coast , Prepared for Beach Preservation Technology

Bodge, K.R. -

Savage, R.J. - 1989 Engineering Analysis of Beach Restoration at Bonita Beach, Florida, Submitted to Lee County Board of County Commissioners , Olsen and Associates, Jacksonville, Fl. #908

Bodge, K.R. -

Olsen, E.J. - 1987 Beach management plan for Lee County , Olsen Associates, Inc., Jacksonville, FL, 87 p.

Bouma, A.H. - 1982 Submarine canyon-fan systems in a diapirically controlled area, Gulf of Mexico. , BULL. INST. GEOL. BASS. AQUITAINE. vol. 31-32: pp. 111-125. The structure and topography of the continental slope in the northcentral and northwestern Gulf of Mexico are shaped principally by diapirs. The cores of most of these diapirs consist of salt that was originally deposited during Louann time (Middle and Late Jurassic). Most of these salt bodies are mantled by Tertiary shale and some diapirs may consist entirely of shale. Younger Tertiary and Quaternary sediments overlie most of these features. Submarine fans in this geologic setting are different from those explained by the generally accepted submarine-fan model because the canyons are extremely long and the fans are small. Much of the sediment that enters a canyon never reaches the submarine fan. Available bathymetric and subbottom-profile data suggest that only a small number of submarine canyon systems exist on this continental margin. Because diapiric activity is strongly influenced by differential sediment loading, these canyons are modified continuously.

Bouma, A.H. - 1986 Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Volume XCVI covering Leg 96 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger Ft. Lauderdale Florida, to Galveston, Texas September-November 1983. , U.S. Government Printing Off.: 824 pp. No Abstract Avaliable

Bowen, R.L. - 1990 Prediction of effects induced by sea level change in the northeast Gulf must also consider neotectonics. , Conf. on Long Term Implications of Sea Level Change for the Mississippi and Alabama Coastlines, Biloxi, MS (USA): p. 80. Global (i.e., eustatic) sea level change, as has frequently occurred (with relative levels perhaps as high as +40 m and as low as -130 m) during the last 2 million years, drives a landward migration of the coastline during times of rising sea level and the reverse when sea level falls. To this simple scenario, in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (Mississippi-Alabama-West Florida), the complicating factor of irregular uplifting, subsidence, and possible faulting by ongoing processes driven from Earth's interior (that is, neotectonics) occurring along with the sea level change must also be considered.

Boyd, R. -

Suter, J.R. - 1989 Relation of sequence stratigraphy to modern sedimentary environments. , Geology 17(10): 926-929. One method of testing the concept of sequence stratigraphy is to compare it to Quaternary sediments in which chronology, stratigraphic relations, and facies geometry are more clearly understood than in older rocks. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, the Late Wisconsinan-Holocene Mississippi River has deposited a Type 1 sequence that includes lowstand, transgressive, and high-stand systems tracts. Characteristics of modern Mississippi River sedimentary environments support the methodology used in sequence analysis, but the short time taken for sequence generation here raises important questions about sequence time scales, correlation, and driving mechanisms.

Braley, C.O. - 1982 Archaeological testing and evaluation of the Paradise Point site (8Fr71), St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge, Franklin County, Florida. , Report to Interagency Archaeological Services Division, National Park Service: 56. No Abstract Avaliable

Brampton, A. -

Millard, K. - 1996 The effectiveness of the Seaford Beach renourishment programme. , SAMARA PUBLISHING LTD.: 623-629. It is now widely accepted that a properly managed beach can provide an effective form of sea defence that is in many respects superior to traditional hard engineering solutions. Developing these schemes is not straightforward and requires a detailed analysis of the various interacting processes that affect beach morphology. This inevitably involves the use of mathematical models to simulate coastal processes, and predict the response of beach several years into the future. It is only by using such approaches can conclusions be drawn as to whether a technique such as beach renourishment represents a suitable coastal defence option at a given site. With this widespread reliance on mathematical modelling techniques for coastal engineering it is important that we understand how effective they are. Forecasting of other complex processes in the fields of meteorology and economics are notoriously inaccurate in all but the short term. Accordingly this paper considers the modelling techniques that were used to design a beach management scheme for Seaford on the south coast of England in 1985.

Brenneman, L. - 1957 Origin of Certain Sand Bodies of the Apalachicola Delta. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. This paper represents a preliminary investigation of two sand bodies in Tates Hell Swamp in the Apalachicola Delta (Fig. I).The purpose of this study is to determine, if possible, depositional environments for the two sand bodies in Tates Hell Swamp on the basis of statistical parameters and geometric arrangement. For purposes of comparison, sedimentary data were determined for samples collected from the beach, dune, and lagoon environments of St. George Island and St. Joseph Spit, and oyster bars near the mouth of the Suwannee River were observed in the field (Fig. 1).

Brenneman, L. - 1957 Preliminary sedimentary study of certain sand bodies in the Apalachicola delta. , Geology. Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University: 151. No Abstract Avaliable

Brenneman, L. -

Tanner, W.F. - 1958 Possible abandoned barrier islands in panhandle Florida. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 28: 342-344. No Abstract Avaliable

Brooks, G.R. -

Doyle, L.J. -

Suthard, B.C. -

Locker, S.D. -

Hine, A.C. - 2003 Facies architecture of the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner continental shelf of west-central Florida: implications for Holocene barrier development , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 324-349 Sediment vibracores and surface samples were collected from the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf of west?central Florida in an effort to determine the three-dimensional facies architecture and Holocene geologic development of the coastal barrier-island and adjacent shallow marine environments. The unconsolidated sediment veneer is thin (generally <3 m), with a patchy distribution. Nine facies are identified representing Miocene platform deposits (limestone gravel and blue?green clay facies), Pleistocene restricted marine deposits (lime mud facies), and Holocene back-barrier (organic muddy sand, olive-gray mud, and muddy sand facies) and open marine (well-sorted quartz sand, shelly sand, and black sand facies) deposits. Holocene back-barrier facies are separated from overlying open marine facies by a ravinement surface formed during the late Holocene rise in sea level. Facies associations are naturally divided into four discrete types. The pattern of distribution and ages of facies suggest that barrier islands developed approximately 8200 yr BP and in excess of 20 km seaward of the present coastline in the north, and more recently and nearer to their present position in the south. No barrier-island development prior to approximately 8200 yr BP is indicated. Initiation of barrier-island development is most likely due to a slowing in the Holocene sea-level rise ca. 8000 yr BP, coupled with the intersection of the coast with quartz sand deposits formed during Pleistocene sea-level highstands. This study is an example of a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic shallow marine depositional system that is tightly constrained in both time and sea-level position. It provides a useful analog for the study of other, similar depositional systems in both the modern and ancient rock record.

Brooks, G.R. -

Dewitt, N.T. -

Suthard, B. - 1997 Recent sedimentary development of the inner west-central Florida continental shelf. , Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v.29, p. 7 No Abstract Avaliable

Brooks, G.R. -

Doyle, L.J. -

Dewitt, N.T. - Surface sediment characteristics and distribution patterns: inner west-central Florida continental shelf , U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report, 177 p.

Brooks, G.R. -

Doyle, L.J. -

Suthard, B.C. -

Dewitt, N.T. - 1998 Inner West-central Florida continental shelf: Sedimentary facies and facies associations , Open File Report 98-37, U.S. Geological Survey, Saint Petersburg, FL, p. 177.

Brooks, G.R. -

Doyle, L.J. -

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Dewitt, N.T. -

Suthard, B.C. - 2003 Patterns and controls of surface sediment distribution: west-central Florida inner shelf , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 307-324 The west-central Florida inner shelf represents a transition between the quartz-dominated barrier-island system and the carbonate-dominated mid-outer shelf. Surface sediments exhibit a complex distribution pattern that can be attributed to multiple sediment sources and the ineffectiveness of physical processes for large-scale sediment redistribution. The west Florida shelf is the submerged extension of the Florida carbonate platform, consisting of a limestone karst surface veneered with a thin unconsolidated sediment cover. A total of 498 surface sediment samples were collected on the inner shelf and analyzed for texture and composition. Results show that sediment consists of a combination of fine quartz sand and coarse, biogenic carbonate sand and gravel, with variable but subordinate amounts of black, phosphorite-rich sand. The carbonate component consists primarily of molluskan fragments. The distribution is patchy and discontinuous with no discernible pattern, and the transition between sediment types is generally abrupt. Quartz-rich sediment dominates the inner 15 km north of the entrance into Tampa Bay, but south of the Bay is common only along the inner 3 km. Elsewhere, carbonate-rich sediment is the predominate sediment type, except where there is little sediment cover, in which cases black, phosphorite-rich sand dominates. Sediment sources are likely within, or around the periphery of the basin. Fine quartz sand is likely reworked from coastal units deposited during Pleistocene sea-level high stands. Carbonate sand and gravel is produced by marine organisms within the depositional basin. The black, phosphorite-rich sand likely originates from the bioerosion and reworking of the underlying strata that irregularly crop out within the study area. The distribution pattern contains elements of both storm- and tide-dominated siliciclastic shelves, but it is dictated primarily by the sediment source, similar to some carbonate systems. Other systems with similar sediment attributes include cool-water carbonate, sediment-starved, and mixed carbonate/siliciclastic systems. This study suggests a possible genetic link among the three systems.

Brooks, H.K. - 1975 Beach nourishment, natural and artificial. , Annual Meeting of the Florida Academy of Sciences, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL The concept of a 'river of sand' in the littoral drift system has misled a generation of geologists and engineers. Except for artificial methods of inlet bypassing, man-made structures in the surf zone are of no lasting value. Lagoons and estuaries are natural traps for sediments from the land, shore and offshore sources. It is a fact that particles on the beaches of Florida have not traveled a great distance in the present cycle. There are no rivers in Florida now contributing sand to the beaches; new sediment must come from erosion of the shore or from offshore. Biogenic sources cannot be overlooked. Study of the Holocene beach and barrier island deposits prove a formative interval occurred about 4500 to about 1500 years ago. The source of sediment was from offshore. With the present high stand of sea level, this supply of sediment has been largely exhausted or is now beyond the reach of waves. It is for this reason that beach erosion can only be effectively prevented by artificially adding new sediment. The source of the sand should be from coarse, shelly deposits. A booster pump on the dredge ladder makes it possible to dig multiple, deep borrow pits into suitable Pleistocene deposits beyond the surf. Lithified zones result in increased dredging costs: however, 5 to 15% rock fragments in the 'spoil' are probably worth the increased investment. A minor amount of particles, pebble to cobble size, contribute to permanency without detracting from the characteristics of the restored beach.

Brooks, H.K. - 1973 The physical environment: geological oceanography , A Summary of Knowledge of the eastern Gulf of Mexico, The State University System of Florida, Institute of Oceanography, St. Petersburg, FL, p. 11 E/1 - 11 E/48

Broward County Department of Natural Resource Protection - 1996 Technical Report 98-01, Hollywood, Hallandale First Periodic Beach Renourishment Project Second Year Breach Monitoring Study , Broward County Department of Natural Resource Protection No Abstract Avaliable

Broward County Department of Natural Resource Protection - 1996 Technical Report 98-02, Hollywood/ Hallandale Beach Renourishment. , Broward County Department of Natural Resource Protection No Abstract Avaliable

Broward County Department of Natural Resource Protection - 1995 Final Report: Biological Monitoring of the Hollywood-Hallandale Beach Renourishment , Broward County Department of Natural Resource Protection No Abstract Avaliable

Broward County Department of Natural Resource Protection - 1998 Technical Report 98-09, Sea Turtle Conservation Program Broward County, Florida. , Broward County Department of Natural Resource Protection No Abstract Avaliable

Broward County Erosion Prevention District - 1987 Broward County, Florida, Port Everglades to South County Line Beach Erosion Control Project General Design Memorandum Addendum I. , Broward County Erosion Prevention District No Abstract Avaliable

Broward County Erosion Prevention District - 1980 Feasibility Report for Beach Erosion Control Segment II, Broward County, Florida , Broward County Erosion Prevention District No Abstract Avaliable

Broward County Erosion Prevention District - 1977 Draft Environmental Assessment Hollywood-Hallandale Beach Nourishment Project, Broward County, Florida , Broward County Erosion Prevention District No Abstract Avaliable

Broward County Erosion Prevention District - 1973 Final Report on Phase I ?Offshore Sand Transport Study? , Broward County Erosion Prevention District No Abstract Avaliable

Broward County Erosion Prevention District - 1986 Broward County Port Everglades to South County Line Beach erosion Control Project General Design Memorandum Addendum I. , Broward County Erosion Prevention District No Abstract Avaliable

Browder, A.E. - 1996 Bonita Beach Restoration Project: Six-Month Post Construction Monitoring Report , Florida Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems Permit No. DBS 900263 LE, Olsen and Associates, Inc., Jacksonville, FL

Browder, A.E. - 1996 Bonita Beach restoration project, one-year post construction monitoring report , Olsen and Associates, Inc., Jacksonville, FL, 45 p.

Buffler, R.T. -

Watkins, J.S. - 1980 Structure and early geologic history of the deep central Gulf of Mexico. The origin of the Gulf of Mexico and the early opening of the central North Atlantic Ocean. , Symposium Proceedings. in R. H. Pilger, Jr. Ed. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Louisiana State University: 3-16. No Abstract Avaliable

Burgess, R.F. - 1977 Submerged Forest. , Oceans, v. 10, p. 46-49 No Abstract Avaliable

Byrd, T.W. - 1959 A statistical study of grain-size variation around Indian Peninsula, Gulf County, Florida. , Gulf County, Florida: 70. No Abstract Avaliable

Byrnes, M.R. -

Hiland, M.W. - 1995 Large-scale sediment transport patterns on the continental shelf and influence on shoreline response: St. Andrew Sound, Georgia to Nassau Sound, Florida. , Marine Geology 126(1-4): 19-43. Regional sediment transport patterns on the continental shelf seaward of Cumberland Island, Georgia and Amelia Island, Florida are documented using historical shoreline position and bathymetry data. Spatial variability in the net rate of shoreline change is considerable due to jetty construction at St. Marys Entrance in the early 1900s. Net average shoreline progradation is documented for both islands (1.5 m/yr for Cumberland and 0.4 m/r for Amelia), however, localized areas of shoreline retreat are recorded along Amelia Island, especially for the southernmost 5 km of beach where erosion has been chronic since 1871. Qualitative descriptions of net sediment transport were integrated with quantitative results to produce a model of large-scale coastal evolution for the study area. From this analysis, net sediment transport in this coastal compartment is controlled by inlet and shelf hydraulics, and littoral zone processes have minimal impact on net long-term coastal change.

Campbell, K. - 1979 The Sedimentology of Simple & Reticulated Transverse Bars in Low Wave Energy Environments. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Transverse bars are subtle digitate features which extend at high angles to the beach in areas which are characterized by low wave energy, shallow offshore slopes and an abundant sand supply. Simple and reticulated transverse bars in Franklin County, Florida were investigated during this study. Field examination of these transverse bars included water and grain motion and wave parameters associated with transverse bars. In addition, examinations of the bar form and internal structure were conducted. Laboratory procedures included granulometric analysis and subsequent statistical treatment of laminar sediment samples collected from both the simple and the reticulated bars. Analysis of aerial photography, x-ray photographic analysis of cores collected from the bars, and model studies of the currents generated over reticulated bars were also conducted. Granulometric investigation of the simple and the complex bars revealed several interesting factors. The simple bar samples displayed easily interpreted characteristics. The mean grain size for,the individual samples was regulated primarily by the intensity of wave reworking: bar axis samples were coarsest at the shoreward end and finest at the seaward end. Standard deviation displayed a similar trend. The reticulated bar samples cannot be statistically separated one from another. All of the granulometric characteristics displayed only subtle differences from one sample to another. Mean grain sizes were finer for the reticulated bars than for the single orientation bars. No trends were discernable within the reticulated bar samples set and granulometric characteristics could not be correlated with the topographic expression of the transverse bars. This condition is (in this author's opinion) due to the presence of two predominant wave approach directions. Sediment distributions are altered and then mixed back together each time the wave approach direction changes and sediment transport occurs. There appears to be only one requirement for the formation of complex reticulated transverse bars in addition to those conditions necessary for the formation of simple bars. That one requirement is the presence of two predominant wave approach directions. The mechanisms which operate over the complex bars are basically the same mechanisms which operate on simple bars. An additional operation on the complex bars is the destructive effects of wave energy on that bar set which is not aligned with the ambient wave approach direction. Thus at any one moment one bar set is being constructed, while the second set is undergoing destruction due to wave energy being expended and sediment transported across the bar in an axis-normal direction. Wave parameter studies allowed the determination that wave energy density is augmented over the axis of relatively short bars. This energy density increase is due to the constructive interference of crossing waves, and not due to shoaling effects. This process works on both simple and complex transverse bars. Two theories of transverse bar formation were examined. The field data and observations of the present author are in agreement with the Niedoroda method of formation by the refraction of waves over a preexisting bathymetric high. The Barcilon and Lau theory, in the present author?s opinion, does not stand the test against field data, and is not a viable method of transverse bar formation.

Campbell, K. - 1986 St. Vincent Island (St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge). , Geological Society of America, Centennial Field Guide - Southeastern Section: 351-353. No Abstract Avaliable

Campbell, K.M. - 1988 The geology of Collier County, Florida , Florida Department of Natural Resources, Division of Resource Management, Florida Geological Survey Open File Report 25, 19 p.

Campbell, T. -

Dean, R.G. -

Mehta, A.J. - 1990 Short Course of Principles and Applications of Beach Nourishment , Campbell, T., Dean, R.G., Mehta, A.J., Wang, H No Abstract Avaliable

Campbell, T.J. -

Beacheler, K.E. - 1987 Manatee County beach management plan , Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc., 35p.

Ceryak, R. - 1974 A Mineralogical and textural analysis of Recent beach sands of the Gulf Coast of Florida from Anclote Key to Marco Island , University of South Florida, Tampa, FL

Ceryak, R. - 1980 A mineralogical analysis of Recent beach sands of the Gulf Coast of Florida , Southeastern Geological Society Guidebook No. 22, p. 16-18

Chen, C.S. - 1964 The Regional Lithostratigraphic Analysis of Paleocene and Eocene Rocks of Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Lithologic and thickness data of the successive Paleocene and Eocene stratigraphic units in panhandle and peninsular Florida were obtained by investigating cuttings, cores, and electric logs of a total of 164 wells selected for this study. These data were employed for constructing isopachs-lithofacies maps, structure maps and lithologic cross sections. These maps and cross sections together with the paleontologic information make possible more reliable interpretations of sedimentary petrogenesis and of the regional tectonics of the Paleocene and Eocene time in Florida. Two distinct sedimentary facies, clastic (panhandle Florida) and nonclastic (peninsular Florida), have been recognized and differentiated on a series of isopach-lithofacies maps of the successive stratigraphic units of the Paleocene and Eocene Series in the area studied. These two sedimentary facies were separated by the Suwannee Channel, which acted as a natural barrier, both sedimentological and faunal, and occupied a narrow belt along southern Georgia and northern Florida with a northeast-southwest trend during the time from late Upper Cretaceous to Upper Eocene. The barrier nature of the Suwannee Channel gradually became less effective and finally disappeared near the end of Eocene time. On the basis of lithologic and paleontologic data together with the ecologic an environmental conditions inferred in this study, the following interpretations concerned with the regional sedimentation were made. In peninsular Florida, nonclastic sediments, carbonates and evaporates, were formed on a stable carbonate bank or shelf in warm, shallow-water, and open marine environment which could be comparable to those existing today in the Great Bahamas, Florid Bay and keys, and Campeche Banks. In panhandle Florida, clastic sediments were laid down on a relatively unstable shelf in transitional or deltaic and shallow water marine environments. Isopach-lithofacies maps indicate that clastic sediments become coarser and more dominant northward toward the Appalachian Piedmont, while carbonates and finer clastics are the major lithologies southeastward near the Suwannee Channels and southward toward the Gulf. The principal source area of those terrigenous materials is considered to be the Southern Appalachians. Stratigraphic analysis indicates that only epeirogenic movements affected the area during the Early Tertiary time. Several minor disconformities have been recognized at the outcrop area, but they are generally not recognizable in the subsurface in panhandle and peninsular Florida, except at the contacts of the Ocala Group which show unconformable relationships with beds lying above and below. The fact of gradual but steady spreading of the nonclastic facies northerly and westerly over the clastic facies during early Tertiary time may be the result of continued marine transgression. Some spor5adic regressions occurred during Paleocene and Eocene time as manifested by the presence of local and regional unconformities. Paleogeographic maps of the successive Paleocene and Eocene stratigraphic units studied are reconstructed on the basis of the series of isopach-lithofacies maps, lithologic and paleontologic data, and ecologic and environmental conditions inferred from this study.

Chen, Z.Q. -

Donoghue, J.F. - 1996 Major paleochannel system on the continental shelf of Apalachee Bay, northwest Florida. , Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 45th annual meeting, Jackson, MS, United States: 6. No Abstract Avaliable

Chen, Z.Q. - 1999 Late Quaternary History of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Coast, Northwest Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University.

Chiu, T.Y. - 1981 Coastal Construction Control Line Study for Broward County, Florida , Chiu, T.Y. No Abstract Avaliable

Cialone, M.A. -

Stauble, D.K. - 1998 Historical findings on ebb shoal mining. , Journal of Coastal Research 14(2): 537-563. Mining of ebb shoals has become more prevalent in recent years due to limited sources of beach quality sand available for beach nourishment projects. This paper examines eight ebb shoal mining projects completed since 1981 in an attempt to examine this relatively new practice of removing material from an inlet ebb shoal. A brief description of each inlet's history, morphology, and processes is given in an Appendix for background information and available information on the ebb shoal mining events at each inlet is presented in this paper. The eight projects presented range in size from 170,000 m (super 3) removed from the ebb shoal at Boca Raton Inlet (Florida) to 6,235,000 m (super 3) removed from the ebb shoal at Great Egg Harbor Inlet (New Jersey). The recent completion of many of these projects and lack of systematic monitoring has resulted in limited monitoring data to assess shoal mining impacts on the inlet system. With this in mind, impacts of ebb shoal mining inferred from the data and the level of monitoring at each project site are discussed. From this study, it has been determined that most ebb shoals are mined on the outer "passive" portion of the shoal feature. Ebb shoal sand was found to be compatible with the native beach material, indicating that the ebb shoal acts as a "sand bridge" between the updrift and downdrift beaches. The rate of recovery of the mined area appears to be a function of the degree to which the system equilibrium is perturbed, sand availability (longshore transport rate), storm frequency, and the depth of the mined area. Estimates of borrow area recovery were often overpredicted, probably due to poor longshore transport estimates. Further analysis is needed to determine ebb shoal mining impacts to navigation, inlet adjacent shoreline, ebb shoal equilibrium, and reusability of borrow area infill material. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the state-of-the-art in the practice of removing material from inlet ebb shoals and monitoring of these projects. A suggested monitoring plan for future ebb shoal mining projects is also presented.

Clark, D. - 1987 Sedimentology and Depositional Environments of a Hazardous Waste Site in the Sand and Gravel Aquifer of Escambia County. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Granulometric and clay mineral analyses were performed on sediment samples from wells in Escambia County, Florida. This study is of particular interest because the study area is a hazardous waste site designated by the u.s. Environmental Protection Agency. The area under investigation is 1 km north-south and 0.5 km east-west. Although the area is small, a very detailed sedimentologic study wag warranted due to the high levels of contamination in the subsurface. Settling tube analysis wag performed on 168 sand samples from 10 wells and two vibrocores. Twenty of these samples were sieved in order to calibrate the settling tube data. Granulometric results were determined and plotted on bivariate graphs. These results were compared to published bivariate environmental interpretation graphs {environments of deposition). The granulometric results have also been compared to natural gamma and neutron well logs for selected wells. Finally, 20 clay samples were analyzed using an x-ray diffractometer to determine the relative abundances of the clay minerals. Based upon comparison with published reports, the clay mineral assemblages appear to be typical Cenozoic fluvial and near shore marine clays of the Gulf coast region. Correlation of granulometric results among wells was not possible. Furthermore, comparison of granulometric analysis with well logs was not successful due to the large sampling interval down core. Correlation among clay layers using natural gamma and neutron logs has yielded limited results particularly parallel to the modern shoreline. All attempts at correlation have demonstrated the heterogeneity of the sand-and-gravel aquifer in this small-scale study. The environmental interpretation results were more conclusive, indicating that the depositional environment for these sediments was a river mouth setting in an estuary, delta, lagoon, or some type of closed basin. All available evidence indicates a distributary mouth bar environment as the most probable depositional setting.

Clark, R.R. - 1986 The impact of Hurricane Elena and Tropical Storm Juan on coastal construction in Florida. , Florida Department of Natural Resources, Beaches and Shores: 142. No Abstract Avaliable

Clark, R.R. - 1993 Beach conditions in Florida: a statewide inventory and identification of the beach erosion problem area in Florida. , Florida Department of Natural Resources, Beaches and Shores Technical and Design Memorandum. No. 89-1: 202. No Abstract Avaliable

Clark, R.R. -

Leadon, M.E. -

Nguyen, N.T. - 1995 Hurricane Opal, structural damage and beach and dune erosion along the Panhandle Coast of Florida. , Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems: 16. No Abstract Avaliable

Clausner, J.E. -

Stauble, D.K. - 1981 The relationship between grain size, beach slope, and wave climate in Brevard County, Florida. , Florida Academy of Science, in conjunction with the Florida Junior Academy of Sciences, Orlando, FL, United States: 43. No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Engineering Consultants and Alpine Ocean Seismic Survey Inc. - 1998 Geophysical survey and vibracore sampling offshore Collier County, Florida , Prepared for Collier County Board of Commissioners, Collier County, Florida

Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. - 1987 Revised estimate of Project Costs for Marco Island , CEC File No. 87.004. October 26, 1987

Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. - 1988 Collier County sand source report prepared for Collier Board of County Commissioners, Naples, FL. , Coastal Engineering Consultants. #696

Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. - 1996 Collier County Beach Nourishment project ? 1996 post-construction survey , Coastal Engineering Consultants--Collier County, FL

Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. - 1996 Marco Island Beach Restoration Project Annual Monitoring Report #5 (1995), Naples, Florida , Coastal Engineering Consultants

Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. - 1994 Performance of the Wiggins Pass Dredging Project and Adjacent Shorelines 1993-1994 , Coastal Engineering Consultants

Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. - 1991 Collier County sand source and environmental report, phase III, sand source report , Florida Department of Natural Resources, Division of Beaches and Shores

Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. - 1989 Marco Island Beach Nourishment Department of Natural Resources Completeness Summary. Naples Florida , Coastal Engineering Consultants

Coastal Engineering Laboratory, University of Florida - 1959 Coastal Engineering Study at Pompano Beach , Coastal Engineering Laboratory, University of Florida No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1997 Fort Pierce Inlet Management Plan. Boca Raton , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Available

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1987 Evaluation of Jet Pump Sand Transfer at St. Lucie Inlet. Boca Raton , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Available

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1987 Martin County Beach Management Plan. Boca Raton , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Available

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1988 An Evaluation of Beach Erosion and St. Lucie Inlet Jetty for Sailfish Point Boca Raton , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Available

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1989 City of Vero Beach - Beach Restoration Project Assessment Report. , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Available

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1989 City of Vero Beach - Beach Restoration Project Assessment Report. , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Available

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1991 Fort Pierce Harbor Inlet/Port Navigation Improvements. Boca Raton , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Available

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1993 City of Titusville Space Walk of Fame: Coastal Engineering , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Available

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1991 Hillsboro Inlet Management Plan Study Phase Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1992 Palm Beach County from Martin County Line to Lake Worth Inlet and from South Lake Worth Inlet to Broward County Line, General Design Memorandum addendum for Third Periodic Nourishment at Delray Beach with Environmental Assessment , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1992 Hillsboro Inlet Management Plan , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1992 Boca Raton Beach Restoration Monitoring Study 3 year Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1992 Hollywood/Hallandale First Periodic Beach Renourishment Project 6 month Beach Monitoring Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1993 City of Delray beach Third Periodic Beach Nourishment Project , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1993 City of Delray Beach Third Periodic Beach Nourishment Project Pre-Construction Environmental Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1993 Boca Raton Beach Restoration Monitoring Study 4 Year Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1995 Monitoring Report of the Boca Raton Inlet and Adjacent Beaches , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1995 City of Delray Beach Third Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 2 Year Post-Construction Phase Borrow Area and Fill Site Infauna/sediment Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1995 Boca Raton Inlet & Adjacent Beaches 1993 Monitoring Program , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1995 Boca Raton Beach Restoration Monitoring Study 5 year Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1995 City of Delray Beach Third Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 4-year Post-Construction Hardbottom Environmental Monitoring with Borrow Area and Fill site Infauna Assessment Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1996 Boca Raton Beach Restoration Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1997 Boca Raton Beach Restoration Monitoring Study 7 year Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1998 City of Delray Beach Third Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 4-year Post-Construction Hardbottom Environmental Monitoring with Borrow Area and Fill site Infauna Assessment Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1998 Boca Raton Beach Restoration Monitoring Study 9 years Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1998 1996 Monitoring Report of the Boca Raton Inlet and Adjacent Beaches , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1998 1997 Monitoring Report of the Boca Raton Inlet and Adjacent Beaches , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1998 Feasibility Study of Structural Stabilization of Beach Fill in Broward County, Segment II & III , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1999 City of Boca Raton, Boca Raton Beach Renourishment Project Post-Construction Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 2000 1999 Monitoring Report of the Boca Raton Inlet and Adjacent Beaches , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 2000 Central Boca Raton Beach Nourishment Feasibility Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 2002 Broward County Shore Protection Project, 2001 Beach Survey and Analysis , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 2003 2002 Delray Beach Beach Renourishment Project, Fourth Periodic Post-Construction Beach Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 2003 City of Boca Raton 2002 Beach Renourishment Project 2003 One-Year Post-Construction Beach Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 2004 Central Boca Raton Beach Nourishment Project Pre-, During and Post-Construction Environmental Monitoring , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - Broward County, Florida Shore Protection Project ? Segment III (Port Everglades to South County Line) General Design Memorandum, Addendum II Hollywood/Hallandale Renourishment with Environmental Assessment , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Broward County Alternate Sand Source and Inlet Bypassing Study, Aragonite Portion Only , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 North Boca Raton Borrow Area Magnetometer Survey , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Boca Raton Beach and Inlet Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Spanish River Park Beach Restoration Project Shoreline Modeling Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Broward County Alternate Sand Source and Inlet by-passing study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Pompano Beach/Lauderdale-by-the-Sea Beach Restoration Project 12 Month Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Interim Report Boca Raton Inlet Monitoring Program , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Boca Raton Beach and Inlet Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Palm Beach County Beaches & Shores Council , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Geotechnical Investigation for Broward County , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1986 City of Delray Beach Second Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 15-month Follow-up Study. , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1985 Spanish River Park Beach Restoration Project Shoreline Modeling Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1986 Palm Beach County: Beach Nourishment Program and the Tourist Development Council , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1986 Jupiter Inlet Shoal Dredging and Carling Park Beach Restoration Coastal Engineering Studies , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1986 City of Delray Beach Second Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 15 Month Follow-up Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1986 Beach and Inlet Shoal Monitoring at Manalapan and Ocean Ridge , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1986 Boca Raton Beach and Inlet Monitoring Report. , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1986 City of Delray Beach 1984 Periodic Nourishment Project Turbidity Monitoring and Analysis , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1987 Environmental Monitoring Report for the 1984 Delray Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project. , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1987 Beach Erosion in Boca Raton, Florida: Photograph Album , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1987 City of Delray Beach Second Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 27 Month Follow-up Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1987 Evaluation and Appraisal Report for the Coastal Management Element of the Delray Beach Comprehensive Plan , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1987 Broward County Beach Management Plan , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1988 Town of Palm Beach Beach Nourishment Project , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1988 City of Delray Beach Second Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 41 Month Follow-up Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1988 City of Delray Beach Beach Renourishment Project Borrow Area Magnetometer Survey , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1988 City of Delray Veach Renourishment Project Offshore Geotechnical Invstigation , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1988 Wave Refraction Study at Jupiter Inlet , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1988 City of Boca Raton, Florida Beach Restoration Project: Contract Documents, Forms and Construction Specifications , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1988 City of Delray Beach Beach Renourishment Project Offshore Geotechnical Investigation , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1989 Hollywood/Hallandale Beach Beach Renourishment Project Broward County, Florida, Borrow Area Magnetometer Survey , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1989 Town of Palm Beach, Florida Beach Nourishment Project Borrow Area Investigation Phase I Offshore Borrow Area , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1989 Boca Raton Inlet & Adjacent Beaches Management Program Report , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1989 Town of Palm Beach, Florida Beach Nourishment Project Borrow Area Investigation Phase II Lake Worth Inlet Shoal , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1989 Storm Damage Analysis Methodology Delray Beach, Florida Erosion Control Project , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1989 City of Delray Beach Second Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 52 Month Follow-up Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1989 City of Delray Beach Second Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 52 Month Follow-up Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1990 City of Delray Beach Second Periodic Beach Nourishment Project 65 Month Follow-up Study , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering - 1991 Boca Raton Inlet & Adjacent Beaches Management Program Report, Report Number 9 , Coastal Planning & Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. - 1995 Town of Longboat Key, Longboat comprehensive beach management plan, Appendix B: offshore borrow area investigations , Report to the Town of Longboat Key, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, p. 39. #2961

Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. - 1990 Captiva Island: Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project Sand Search Phase III. Boca Raton, Florida , Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. #2773

Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. - 1995 Manatee County, Florida: Anna Maria Island Beach Restoration Monitoring Study (2 year report) , Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, FL

Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. - 1997 Egmont Key erosion control project feasibility study , Report for the State of Florida, Department of Environmental Protection, Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, FL

Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. - 1995 Town of Longboat Key Beach Restoration Project 2-Year Monitoring Report, Boca Raton, Florida , Coastal Planning and Engineering. #1807

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1994 Captiva Island beach maintenance nourishment project, phase III ?sand search , Captiva Island Erosion Prevention District, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton. #2773

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 2000 Seven-Year (84-Month) Post-Construction Monitoring Report For The Anna Maria (Manatee County) , Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 48 p. #2960

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1992 Captiva Island Beach Maintenance Nourishment Project Phase II Sand Search - Addendum I. , Captiva Erosion Prevention District, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 33 p. #2116

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1995 Captiva Island And Sanibel Island Beach Nourishment Project , Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, BID information #2349

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 2000 72-Month Post-Construction Monitoring Report For The Anna Maria Island (Manatee County) , Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 48 p. #2894

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1994 Anna Maria Island Beach Restoration Monitoring Study 2-Year Monitoring Report , Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 48 p. #2368

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1990 Manatee County, Florida, Anna Maria Island beach nourishment project environmental study , Report to the Manatee County Board of County Commissioners, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 48 p. #0994

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. -

U.S. Army Corps -

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1994 Design Memorandum For The First Renourishment Project Captiva Island Segment , Coastal Planning and Engineering, #2389

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1992 Blind Pass inlet management plan , submitted to the Board of County Commissioners, Pinellas County, Florida, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 65 p.

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 2003 Marco Pass Sand Source and Geotechnical Investigation , Report to Collier County Government, Collier County, Florida.

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 2003 Ongoing investigation, bathymetry, jet probes performed, vibracores, seismic and side scan planned for following months , CPE

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 2000 Estero Island Sand Search Investigation, Phase II , CPE

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1996 Gordon Pass inlet management plan , Report to the City of Naples, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 124 p.

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1995 Wiggins Pass inlet management plan , Report to the Collier County Board of County Commissioners, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 177 p.

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1997 Captiva Island and Sanibel Island beach nourishment project, 6 month post-construction monitoring report , Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 28 p. #2596

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 2002 Captiva and Sanibel Islands Renourishment Project Offshore Sand Source Investigation , Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, #3047

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1986 Third Captiva Island beach monitoring study report, September 1985 through March 1986 , Captiva Erosion Prevention District, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. #2124

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1988 Lee County, Fl Beach Erosion Control Project General/Detailed Design Memorandum. , Captiva Erosion Prevention District, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. #0384 and #0698

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1990 Post-storm survey, Tropical Storm Marco, Captiva Island and northern Sanibel Island , Captiva Erosion Prevention District, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 11 p. #971

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1990 Captiva Island beach monitoring study, one-year follow-up report , Captiva Erosion Prevention District, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. #960

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1990 Captiva Island Beach Maintenance Nourishment project, Phase I Sand Search. , Captiva Erosion Prevention District, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. #1221

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1991 Captiva Island beach maintenance nourishment project, phase II ?sand search , Captiva Erosion Prevention District, Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc., Boca Raton, 33 p. #2115

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1992 Redfish Pass Inlet Management Plan , Division of Beaches and Shores, Florida Department of Natural Resources

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 2000 A Review of the 1995-1996 Collier County Beach Restoration Project , Collier County Board of County Commissioners, Collier County, Florida. #3071

Coastal Science & Engineering - 1987 Beach Management Plan-Brevard County , Coastal Science & Engineering No Abstract Available

Coastal Systems International - 1997 Conceptual Design Report for South Broward County Beach Stabilization Pilot Report, Broward County, Florida , Coastal Systems International No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Systems International - 1997 Port Everglades Inlet Management Plan Addendum , Coastal Systems International No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Technology Corporation - 1992 Brevard County Coastal Engineering Analysis Phase II. Vero Beach , Coastal Technology Corporation No Abstract Available

Coastal Technology Corporation - 1988 Sebastian Inlet District Comprehensive Management Plan. Vero Beach , Coastal Technology Corporation No Abstract Available

Coastal Technology Corporation - 1995 Phase I-Reconnaissance Level Geotechnical and Borrow Area Investigation. Vero Beach , Coastal Technology Corporation No Abstract Available

Coastal Technology Corporation - 1996 Phase II-Plans and Specifications Level Report Geotechnical and Borrow Area Investigation. Vero Beach , Coastal Technology Corporation No Abstract Available

Coastal Technology Corporation - 1997 Port Everglades Inlet Management Plan , Coastal Technology Corporation No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Technology Corporation - 1988 Port Everglades Sand Bypassing Study , Coastal Technology Corporation No Abstract Avaliable

Coastal Technology Corporation - 1993 South beach Restoration and Stabilization. Vero Beach , Coastal Technology Corporation No Abstract Available

Coastal Technology Corporation - 1993 Vero Beach Beach Restoration: Hardbottom Mapping and Characterization and Coastal Engineering Analysis. Vero Beach , Coastal Technology Corporation No Abstract Available

Coleman, C. - 1978 The Stranded Bar: A Study of Bar Formation During Storm Surges at Carrabelle Beach, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. A bar like feature, deposited on the public beach at Carrabelle, Florida during Hurricane Eloise, was investigated in order to determine its mode of formation. Statistical evaluation of grain size data, as well as interpretation of internal structures preserved within the feature and measurements of ripple marks preserved within an adjacent runnel, indicate that the feature was not the result of deposition due to swash. The linear feature's existence is instead attributed to a significant increase in sea level, resulting from a storm tide generated by the passage of Hurricane Eloise near the area. This temporary increase in sea level acted to effectively shift the processes of offshore bar formation onto the normally subaerial portions of the beach. With recession of the anamolous water levels, a bar was exposed and preserved above the limits of normal wave activity .The depositional feature is therefore termed a "stranded bar" in as much as it was stranded due to sea level fluctuations resulting from a storm tide.

Collier County - 1996 Collier County Restoration Project Weekly Status Report May 9, 1996 , Collier County, Florida

Colonel A.B. Jones - 1957 An Engineering and Economic Brief to be presented to The United States District Engineer Jacksonville District at a Public Hearing to be held in The Chamber of Commerce Building, Pompano Beach, Florida , Colonel A.B. Jones No Abstract Avaliable

Continental Shelf Associates - 1989 Environmental Impact Assessment for Beach Restoration Brevard County , Continental Shelf Associates No Abstract Available

Continental Shelf Associates - 1993 Fisher Island Beach Restoration Project Year 2 Post-Construction Survey Report , Continental Shelf Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Coral Reef Associates - Long Term Effects of Beach Restoration in Broward County, Florida , Coral Reef Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1959 Beach Erosion Control Report on Cooperative Study of Palm Beach County, Florida, from Lake Worth Inlet to Martin County Line and from South Lake Worth Inlet to Broward County Line , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1963 Broward County, Florida Beach Erosion Control and Hillsboro Inlet Navigation Report , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1977 Phase I General Design Memorandum of Port Everglades Harbor, Florida , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1979 Beach Erosion Control and Hurricane Protection Study for North Haulover Beach Park Dade County, Florida , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1979 Plan of Study, Palm Beach County, Florida Beach Erosion Control Projects, Special Phase 1 GDM , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1987 Beach Erosion Control and Hurricane Protection Dade County, Florida, North of Haulover Beach Park, design Memorandum Addendum I and EIS Supplement. , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1978 Fort Pierce Beach Erosion Control Project; General & Detail Design Memorandum , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1984 Specification for Maintenance Dredging 10-foot Project Intracoastal Waterway Jacksonville to Miami, Florida Vicinity of St. Lucie Inlet and Maintenance Dredging 7-foot Project St. Lucie Inlet, Florida , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1989 Specification for Bal Harbour Beach Erosion Control and Hurricane Protection Beach Renourishment Beach Erosion Control Project Dade County, Florida , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1990 Broward County, Florida, Port Everglades to the South County Line (Segment III) Shore Protection Project, Reevaluation Study , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1990 Broward County, Florida, Hillsboro Inlet to Port Everglades (Segment II) Shore Protection Project, Reevaluation Report Section 934 Study with Environmental Assessment , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1990 Broward County, Florida, Port Everglades to the South County Line (Segment III) Shore Protection Project, Reevaluation Report Section 934 Study with Environmental Assessment , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1991 Palm Beach County, Florida, From Martin County Line to Lake Worth Inlet and from South Lake Worth Inlet to Broward County Line Shore Protection Project General Design Memorandum, Addendum for Jupiter/Carlin Segment with Supplement to the Environmental Imp , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1994 Broward County, Florida, Hillsboro Inlet to Port Everglades (Segment II) Shore Protection Project Reevaluation Report Section 934 Study with Environmental Assessment , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1998 Beach Erosion Control and Hurricane Protection Project, Dade County, Florida. Modifications at Sunny Isle, Final Environmental Impact Statement , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 2001 Palm Beach County, Florida Shore Protection Project, Limited Reevaluation Report for Delray Beach Fourth Periodic Renourishment , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - 1968 Beach Erosion Control Study on Martin County , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1975 Beach Erosion Control Monitoring Study: Ft. Pierce , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1977 St. Lucie Inlet GDM Phase I , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1978 Brevard County Beach Erosion Control Project: General and Detail Design Memorandum Addendum. Jacksonville , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1979 Feasibility Report for Beach Erosion Control Indian River County Beaches , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1980 Feasibility Report for Beach Erosion Control Indian River County Beaches , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1980 Feasibility Report for Beach Erosion Control Indian River County Beaches , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1981 Indian River County , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1984 Ft. Pierce Harbor , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1984 Interpretative Analysis of Surficial Sediments as an Aid in Transport Studies of Dredged Materials Cape Canaveral , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1984 Specifications for Maintenance Dredging 10-foot Project Intracoastal Waterway Jacksonville to Miami , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1985 Feasibility Report with Environmental Impact Statement Beach Erosion Control Study , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1986 St. Lucie Inlet , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1987 Beach Erosion Control Indian River County , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1988 Canaveral Harbor , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1991 Ft. Pierce Harbor , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1991 Ft. Pierce Harbor , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1992 Brevard County , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1992 Palm Beach County , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1994 Martin County , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 1994 Palm Beach County , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - 2002 Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Future Dredging of Capron Shoal for the Fort Pierce Shore Protection Project St. Lucie County , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Available

Corps of Engineers - Pilot Study on the Use of Tilling to Reduce Sand Compaction after Beach Nourishment , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Corps of Engineers - A Study of Sand Movement at South Lake Worth Inlet, Florida , Corps of Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Cox, A.T. - 1989 Longboat Pass maintenance dredging , Letter from A. T. Cox, Town Manager, Town of Longboat Key to Gail Gre, U. S., Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, FL

Craig A. Smith & Associates - 1989 Town of Palm Beach Concept Development of Shore Protection and Schematic Design of Structures from Via Bellaria to Jungle Point , Craig A. Smith & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Cubit Engineering Limit - 1986 Comprehensive Coastal Management Plan for Town of Palm Beach , Cubit Engineering Limit No Abstract Avaliable

Culter, J.K. -

Patton, G.W. - 1981 Bathymetry and sedimentology of the nearshore Gulf of Mexico off Pinellas County. , Florida Academy of Science, in conjunction with the Florida Junior Academy of Sciences, Orlando, FL, United States: 44. No Abstract Avaliable

Cummings, R.B. -

Basco, D.R. - 1997 Soft solution wins over hardened structure, environmentally and economically, for shore protection project at Naval Training Center in Virginia Beach, Virginia. , FLORIDA SHORE AND BEACH PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION: 30-43. Two alternative designs were compared and evaluated for a shore protection project at the Fleet Combat Training Center, Atlantic, Dam Neck in Virginia Beach, Virginia. One alternative utilized an armored revetment to protect the shoreline and nearby facilities while the second alternative was a combination of a dune-beach nourishment project and a seawall buried beneath the dune. The criteria for comparison included function and constructibilty, life-cycle cost, environmental and aesthetic impact. To evaluate the above criteria for function and constructibilty, standard methods of coastal engineering were employed. To evaluate life cycle costs, damage curves were developed to estimate annual dune maintenance costs while using traditional means to estimate beach renourishment costs. Environmental and aesthetic impact was an exercise in public and end-user perceptions. In all of the criteria, the beach-dune-buried seawall system was found to be a superior solution for the Dam Neck project. Construction of the Dam Neck project is now complete and a three-year monitoring project has begun to evaluate project performance relative to design expectations.

Cunningham, R. - 1966 Evaluation of Bahamian Oolitic Aragonite Sand for Florida Beach Renourishment. St. Lucie , Cunningham, Richard No Abstract Available

Curray, J.R. - 1960 Sediments and history of the Holocene transgression, continental shelf, northwest Gulf of Mexico. , In Shepard, F.P., Phleger, F.B, van Andel, T, Eds., Recent Sediments, Northwest Gulf of Mexico, P. 221-266. Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. No Abstract Avaliable

Curtis, J. -

Lesemann, P. -

Wooley, S. -

Urquhart, B. -

McCormick, C. -

Haborak, G. - 1984 Longboat ? Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow , Lindsay Curtis Publishing Company, Sarasota, FL, 88p.

D.E. Britt Associates - 1971 Specifications: General & Technical Provisions for Beach Restoration Project, City of Hallandale, Florida , D.E. Britt Associates No Abstract Avaliable

D.E. Britt Associates - 1975 Specification for Beach Restoration Project Erosion Prevention District Broward County, Florida , D.E. Britt Associates No Abstract Avaliable

D.E. Britt Associates - 1974 General Design Analysis for Broward Beach State Park Beach Restoration Project, Broward County Erosion Prevention District , D.E. Britt Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Dasovich, S.J. - 1996 A compilation and analysis of Florida's prehistoric radiocarbon database. , Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University: 149. No Abstract Avaliable

Davies, T.D. - 1980 Peat formation in Florida Bay and its significance in interpreting the recent vegetational and geological history of the Bay area. , Biology. University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University. No Abstract Avaliable

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Barnard, P.L. - 2003 Morphodynamics of the barrier-inlet system, west-central Florida , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 77-101 The barrier-inlet system along the Gulf Coast of peninsular Florida has one of the most diverse morphologies of any barrier system in the world. The delicate balance between tidal- and wave-generated processes on this low-energy coast permits only slight changes in either of these processes to result in significant and rapidly developing morphologic responses. Some of these responses are the result of natural phenomena such as hurricanes opening tidal inlets, closure of inlets due to longshore transport of sediment, and changes in the availability of sediment. Tidal prism is the primary factor in controlling inlet morphology and is greatly influenced by anthropogenic activities in the backbarrier area. Human activity has also modified the coast in many ways over the past several decades, beginning with the construction of the first causeways in the 1920s. The various modifications by development have resulted in important morphodynamic changes in the barrier-inlet system. These include hardening the coast on the beach and at inlets, dredging and filling in backbarrier environments, and construction of fill-type causeways connecting the islands to the mainland. Construction of seawalls and jetties has inhibited normal coastal processes. Examples include the downdrift erosion at Blind Pass and Big Sarasota Pass. Construction of fill-type causeways between the barriers and the mainland has created artificial tidal divides that reduce the tidal prism at some inlets, thereby resulting in instability or closure such as Blind Pass and Dunedin Pass. This is further exacerbated by dredge and fill construction that reduces tidal prism by reducing the area of open water in the backbarrier. Dredging of the Intracoastal Waterway also results in a negative impact on selected inlets by channeling tidal flux away from some inlets. Impacts of these changes inhibit the barrier/inlet environments from responding to open coast processes.

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Cuffe, C.K. -

Kowalski, K. -

Shock, Eric J. - 2003 Stratigraphic models for microtidal tidal deltas; examples from the Florida Gulf coast , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 49-60 Extensive vibracoring of both flood- and ebb-tidal deltas along the central Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula reveals a strong overall similarity with subtle distinctions between flood and ebb varieties. Although the coast in question is microtidal, the inlets range from tide-dominated to distinctly wave-dominated. Both types of tidal deltas overlie a muddy sand interpreted to have been deposited in a back-barrier environment. The sharp contact at the base of the tidal delta sequence is typically overlain by a thin shell gravel layer. The ebb-tidal delta sequence is characterized by fine quartz sand with shell gravel in various concentrations; coarse and massive at the margins of the main ebb channel, and finer and imbricated at the marginal flood channels. The flood-tidal deltas are characterized by the same facies but with a small amount of mud. Shelly facies on the channels on flood deltas are not as well developed as on the ebb deltas. The combination of the stratigraphic sequence and the lithofacies make tidal deltas readily identifiable in the ancient record. The differences between flood and ebb varieties are subtle but consistent.

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Klay, J.M. - 1989 Origin and development of Quaternary terrigenous inner shelf sequences, southwest Florida , Transactions of the Gulf Coast AssociatIon of Geological Societies, v. 39, p. 341-347. #2926

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Klay, J.M. - 1989 Tidal sand ridges, southwest Florida , Modern and Ancient Examples of Clastic Tidal Deposits - a Core and Peel Workshop, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology, Second International Research Symposium on Clastic Tidal Deposits, p. 20-24, Reinson, G. E., ed.

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Fitzgerald, M.V. - 1999 Turtle Nesting on Adjacent Nourished Beaches with Different Construction Styles: Pinelias County, Florida. , Journal of Coastal Research 15(1): 111-120. Successful nesting of loggerhead turtles is an important aspect of beach management along the Gulf Coast of Florida. A detailed time series of beach monitoring has provided a wealth of data on turtle nesting and resistance to penetration in order to assess the effect of beach nourishment on turtle nesting. Three adjacent, nourished beaches, and nearby unnourished beaches provided the locations for systematic measurement of conditions. Two years of data are provided, 1994 and 1995, with the latter including tilling of the nourished beach on one of the projects. Nesting density increased from 1994 to 1995. Although cone penetrometer measurements routinely exceeded guidelines for turtle nesting, the turtles paid no attention to compaction. The nature of the sediment with large quantities of bivalve fragments is such that although vertical penetration is very difficult, the style of digging by turtles experiences little resistance. Data provided in this study indicate that the current guidelines based on cone penetrometer data for nesting in highly compacted beaches are incorrect. Nourished beaches on the Gulf Coast of Florida do not inhibit turtle nesting, they encourage it by providing a wide, dry beach.

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Wang, P. - 2000 Comparison of the Performance of Three Adjacent and Differently Constructed Beach Nourishment Projects on the Gulf Peninsula of Florida. , Journal of Coastal Research 16(2): 396-407. Detailed beach-profile monitoring was conducted at the three phases of Sand Key beach nourishment on the Gulf Coast of Florida. The nourishment at Indian Rocks Beach, Indian Shores, and Redington Beach was monitored during six years, four years, and eight years respectively after nourishment. Quarterly or more frequent beach and nearshore profile surveys were conducted in order to determine short-term (1 year) and long-term (4 to 8 years) rates of shoreline and beach-nearshore volume changes. The overall performance of the Sand Key beach nourishment is excellent. Redington Beach project has already exceeded the design lifetime of 7 years, and Indian Rocks Beach and Indian Shore projects are likely to exceed the design lifetime. The measured beach-nearshore volume loss is small: 31% at Indian Rocks Beach over six years, 30% at Indian Shores over four years, and only 10% at Redington Beach during eight years. Performance of beach nourishment is influenced by many factors. Those that are directly related to the three nourishment projects include: (1) relative location in the regional longshore sediment transport regime, (2) magnitude of wave energy, (3) sediment characteristics of the borrow material, (4) local reversal and/or gradient in longshore transport, (5) presence of hard structures, (6) adjacent beach nourishment, (7) variation of shoreline orientation, and (8) sand transfer and beach-fill construction technique. The shoreline and beach-nearshore volume change patterns at the three nourishment projects were different due to the different degrees of influence from the above factors, however, construction style is deemed to be an important contributor. The much less costly dragline and conveyorbelt transfer technique used in the construction of Indian Shores project does not prove to be most cost effective for long-term performance.

Davis Jr., R.A. - 1997 Geology of the Florida coast , Geology of Florida, University Press Florida, p155-168, Randazzo, A.F., and Jones, D.S, eds.

Davis Jr., R.A. - 1998 Barrier/inlet system on the Florida Gulf Coast; a Holocene mixture of carbonate and siliciclastic sediments that is a model for good reservoirs. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists The complex barrier/inlet system on the Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula includes 30 barrier islands and a like number of tidal inlets. The diverse morphology of these elements gives rise to the most complicated barrier system in the world. Mean annual wave height is about 25cm and mean tidal range is less than one meter. Hurricanes are important but infrequent occurrences on this coast.

Davis Jr., R.A. - 1995 Geologic impact of Hurricane Andrew on Everglades coast of southwest Florida. , Environmental Geology 25(3): 143-148. Hurricane Andrew, one of the strongest storms of the century, crossed the southern part of the Florida peninsula on 24 August 1992. Its path crossed the Florida Everglades and exited in the national park across a mangrove-dominated coast onto the shallow, low-energy, inner shelf. The storm caused extensive breakage and defoliation in the mangrove community; full recovery will take decades. It produced no extensive sedimentation unit; only local and ephemeral ebb-surge deposits. The discontinuous shelly storm beach ridge was breached at multiple locations, and it moved landward a few meters. After seven months, there was little geologic indication that the storm had passed. It is likely that the stratigraphic record in this area will not contain any recognizable features of the passage of Hurricane Andrew.

Davis Jr., R.A. - 1989 Management of drumstick barrier islands. , American Society of Civil Engineers: 1-16. No Abstract Avaliable

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Klay, J.M. -

Jewell, P. - 1993 Sedimentology and stratigraphy of tidal sand ridges - southwest Florida inner shelf , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 63, no. 1, p. 91-104

Davis, R.A. -

Hine, A.C. -

Belknap, D.F. - 1985 Geology of the Barrier island and marsh-dominated coast, west-central Florida , Geological Society of America Field Trip Guide Book, Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, 119p.

Davis, R.A. -

Jewell, P. -

Sussko, R.J. - 1989 Inner continental shelf off southwest Florida , Shelf Sedimentation, Shelf Sequences and Related Hydrocarbon Accumulation, Proceedings of the 8th Annual Gulf Coast Section, S.E.P.M. Research Conference, p. 53-61. # 2925, Morton, R. A., and Nummendal, D., eds.

Dean, R.G. -

O'Brien, M.P. - 1987 Florida's west coast inlets, shoreline effects and recommended action , Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 100 p. # 425

Dean, R.G. - 1988 Review of Dredging Effects on Adjacent Park Systems , Dean, R.G. No Abstract Avaliable

Dean, R.G. - 1987 Additional sediment input to the nearshore region. , Shore and Beach 55(3-4): 76-81. No Abstract Avaliable

Delcourt, P.A. -

Delcourt, H.R. - 1981 Vegetation maps for eastern North America: 40,000 yr BP to the present. , New York, Plenum: 123-164. No Abstract Avaliable

Department of Engineering, City of Deerfield Beach - 1975 A Report concerning the Ownership of Previously Submerged Lands in the City of Deerfield Beach, Florida , Department of Engineering, City of Deerfield Beach No Abstract Avaliable

Department of Environmental Resources Management - 1994 Geotechnical Report of an Offshore Sand Search for the Palm Beach/South Palm Beach Shore Protection Project , Department of Environmental Resources Management No Abstract Avaliable

Depratter, C.B. -

Howard, J.D. - 1981 Evidence for a sea-level lowstand between 4500 and 2400 years B.P. on the southeast coast of the United States. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 51: 1287-1295. No Abstract Avaliable

Dillon, W.P. -

Oldale, R. - 1978 Late Quaternary sea level curve, reinterpretation based on glaciotectonic influence. , Geology, v. 6, p. 56-60 No Abstract Avaliable

Dix Lisle, L. - 1982 Annotated Bibliography of Sea Level Changes along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America. , Shore and Beach: 24-33. No Abstract Avaliable

Dobson, L.M. -

Buffler, R.T. - 1997 Seismic stratigraphy and geologic history of Jurassic rocks, northeastern Gulf of Mexico. , Aapg Bulletin-American Association of Petroleum Geologists 81(1): 100-120. A grid of two-dimensional seismic data tied to exploration wells defines four Jurassic sequences in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. These sequences correlate with well-known northern Gulf of Mexico basin stratigraphic units; the Louann Salt (L sequence), Norphlet and Smackover formations (N-S sequence), Haynesville Formation (H sequence), and Cotton Valley Group (C sequence). The Jurassic section overlies a basement surface characterized by broad highs (Middle Ground Arch and Southern Platform) and lows (Apalachicola Basin and Tampa Embayment). This basement structure controlled the distribution, thickness, and paleogeography of all the Jurassic sequences, but its influence became progressively less pronounced as sediment filled the basin. The Jurassic geologic history of the region is developed from an interpretation of these sequences. Well control documents the presence of Louann Salt in the Apalachicola Basin, whereas in the Tampa Embayment the interval is interpreted only from seismic data. Salt movement on the West Florida Shelf began early, during Norphlet-Smackover deposition, and slowed dramatically by the end of Haynesville deposition. Smackover paleogeography includes progradation of a carbonate shelf in the Apalachicola Basin and the Tampa Embayment, as well as development of carbonate buildups updip of basement hingelines, over basement highs, and above early salt structures. In the Apalachicola Basin, Haynesville clastic sedimentation updip was coeval with carbonate deposition downdip, and a localized carbonate shelf margin developed to the southwest. Haynesville clastic sedimentation may have prevailed in the Tampa Embayment, where oblique clinoforms represent shelf margin progradation. During deposition of the Cotton Valley sequence, the northeastern Gulf of Mexico was characterized by delta-plain and delta-platform sedimentation with seismically defined shelf margin progradation only in the Tampa Embayment. Jurassic sedimentation culminated with progradation of the Knowles Limestone.

Donahue, B. -

Hine, A.C. -

Locker, S.D. -

Twichell, D.C. -

Tebbens, S. - 2003 Late Holocene estuarine inner shelf interactions; is there evidence of an estuarine retreat path for Tampa Bay, Florida? , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 219-241 The purpose of this study was to determine if and how a large, modern estuarine system, situated in the middle of an ancient carbonate platform, has affected its adjacent inner shelf both in the past during the last, post-glacial sea-level rise and during the present. An additional purpose was to determine if and how this inner shelf seaward of a major estuary differed from the inner shelves located just to the north and south but seaward of barrier-island shorelines. Through side-scan sonar mosaicking, bathymetric studies, and ground-truthing using surface grab samples as well as diver observations, two large submarine sand plains were mapped ? one being the modern ebb-tidal delta and the other interpreted to be a relict ebb-tidal delta formed earlier in the Holocene. The most seaward portion of the inner shelf studied consists of a field of lobate, bathymetrically elevated, fine-sand accumulations, which were interpreted to be sediment-starved 3D dunes surrounded by small 2D dunes composed of coarse molluscan shell gravel. Additionally, exposed limestone hardbottoms supporting living benthic communities were found as well. This modern shelf sedimentary environment is situated on a large, buried shelf valley, which extends eastward beneath the modern Tampa Bay estuary. These observations plus the absence of an incised shelf valley having surficial bathymetric expression, and the absence of sand bodies normally associated with back-tracking estuarine systems indicate that there was no cross-shelf estuarine retreat path formed during the last rise in sea level. Instead, the modern Tampa Bay formed within a mid-platform, low-relief depression, which was flooded by rising marine waters late in the Holocene. With continued sea-level rise in the late Holocene, this early embayment was translated eastward or landward to its present position, whereby a larger ebb-tidal delta prograded out onto the inner shelf. Extensive linear sand ridges, common to the inner shelves to the north and south, did not form in this shelf province because it was a low-energy, open embayment lacking the wave climate and nearshore zone necessary to create such sand bodies. The distribution of bedforms on the inner shelf and the absence of seaward-oriented 2D dunes on the modern ebb-tidal delta indicate that the modern estuarine system has had little effect on its adjacent inner shelf.

Donoghue, J.F. -

White, N. M. - 1995 Late Holocene Sea-Level Change and Delta Migration, Apalachicola River Region, Northwest Florida, U.S.A. , Journal of Coastal Research 11(3): 651-663. No Abstract Avaliable

Donoghue, J.F. - 1993 Late Wisconsinan and Holocene depositional history, northeastern Gulf of Mexico. , Marine Geology 112: 185-205. No Abstract Avaliable

Donoghue, J.F. -

Tanner, W.F. - 1992 Quaternary terraces and shoreline of the panhandle Florida region: Quaternary Coasts of the United States. , Society for Sedimentary Geology: 233-241. No Abstract Avaliable

Donoghue, J.F. - 1991 Late Quaternary deposition in the Apalachicola embayment, northwest Florida coast. , Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists: 77-82. No Abstract Avaliable

Donoghue, J.F. - 1997 Ray Hole Spring and other early human sites on the northeastern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. , Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 46th annual meeting [modified]. No Abstract Avaliable

Donoghue, J.F. -

Tanner, W.F. - 1994 Effects of near-term sedimentologic evolution on the lifetime of estuarine resources. , NOAA: 57. No Abstract Avaliable

Donoghue, J.F. -

Davis, R.A. - 1995 Episodic Sea-level Change During the Quaternary: Evidence from the southeastern U.S. Journal of Coastal Research. , Journal of Coastal Research 11(3): 571-572. A symposium on the topic of episodic sea-level change during the Quaternary was convened as part of the Southeastern Section meeting of the Geological Society of America on April 1-2, 1993, in Tallahassee, Florida. The symposium was organized for the purpose of examining and comparing some of the recent evidence for episodicity in sea-level change and in the geologic response to such changes. The sessions examined the evidence of Quaternary sea level history which has been gathered in recent years through geologic, paleontologic and geophysical studies in the southeastern United States region.

Donoghue, J.F. -

Davis, R.A. -

Fletcher, C.H. -

Suter, J.R. - 1992 Late Quaternary coastal and inner shelf stratigraphy, Apalachicola Delta region, Florida. , Sedimentary Geology 80, no. 3-4: 293-304. Since the beginning of the Tertiary the sedimentology of the Gulf of Mexico Basin has been dominated by the depositional activity of the Mississippi River. The sedimentologic influence of the Mississippi diminishes with distance east or west of the Louisiana shelf, however. The Texas and northwest Florida shelf margins, for example, are characterized by a series of smaller deltas. In the inner and mid-shelf areas of these regions the near-surface sedimentary units include infilled stream channels and small deltas. Such features are commonly observed in sub-bottom seismic records from the middle and inner shelf of the northeastern Gulf, along the Apalachicola River coast of northwest Florida. The Apalachicola River is the principal source of clastic sediment to the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. During the late Holocene virtually all of the river's sediment load has been deposited in the modern Apalachicola Delta and in the river's estuary. Apalachicola Bay, which has been filling rapidly. During the Quaternary lowstands, prior to the development of the modern estuary, the river traversed the present-day inner and mid-shelf, incising a network of channels. Based on seismic records, many of these buried shelf channels were considerably larger than their modern counterparts. During lowstands the Apalachicola River also deposited coarse sediment on the shelf as deltaic and associated river-mouth sediments. These deposits comprise the modern near-surface sediments of the inner and middle shelf. An investigation of subsurface sedimentary features observed in seismic profiles provides details on the late Quaternary development of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf. Seismic reflection profiles obtained on the inner and mid-shelf regions of northwest Florida reveal an approximately 50 m thickness of late Quaternary sediments, comprised of two and sometimes three discrete clastic sequences. Two lower fluvial sequences total as much as 40-50 m in thickness. A transgressive marine sand deposit overlies the older features in some places, varying in thickness form 0 to 5 m. Identification of seismic facies, combined with stratigraphic data from a suite of coastal boreholes, enables correlation of offshore seismic stratigraphic units with late Tertiary and Quaternary coastal stratigraphy.

Donoghue, J.F. -

Otvos, E.G. -

Stapor, F.W. - 1995 Multiple Pliocene-Quaternary marine highstands northeast Gulf Coastal Plain -- fallacies and facts. , Journal of Coastal Research 11(4): 984-1002. Claims persist in the literature alleging multiple pre-Sangamonian Pleistocene, mid-Wisconsinan, middle and late Holocene marine highstands on the northeast Gulf coastal plain. These views, still encountered even in official publications are rooted in the assumed similarity between Atlantic and northeast Gulf coastal history. A critical re-examination of the evidence is based on detailed sedimentary, microfossil, and geomorphic data from hundreds of drillholes and field sampling. Sediment data were matched with basic diagnostic criteria of depositional facies. Deposits and landforms that developed during the peak of Sangamonian transgression yielded the only evidence for higher-than-present Quaternary sea levels on the northeast Gulf. Pre-Sangamonian marine units are absent in the subsurface and not exposed in coastal plain surfaces. Post-Pliocene uplift and erosion had removed littoral and nearshore units from the northeast coastal plain. Upland ridges, mistaken for relict barriers, are elongated, high interfluves. Composed of alluvial deposits, they are bounded by semiparallel lineaments of apparently tectonic origin and incised by stream erosion. Combined with lineaments, rare covered karst depressions on a late Pleistocene alluvial plain provide the slight relief of subdued linear features that had been mistaken for relict barrier islands, associated with multiple Pleistocene highstands. Claims for wide Holocene sea level oscillations and record highstands rest on the belief, unsupported by reliable sediment data, that the upper ridge lithosomes were essentially wave-built, intertidal and directly correlatable with sea level positions. However, the ridge morphology and dimensions clearly indicate the foredune origins of discussed Florida Gulf shore strandplain ridges. Cited texture parameters and sedimentary structure types also fail to lend independent diagnostic support to the intertidal origins of the highest beach ridge intervals. Wave-cut scarps and associated supratidal narrow terraces yield no independent proof for the postulated high eustatic Holocene sea levels.

Dorsey, R.A. - 1997 Predicted Sea Level Changes, Florida Gulf Coast Over the Past 21,000 Years. , Crystal River, Florida, Gulf Archaeology Research Institute: 31. No Abstract Avaliable

Doyle, L.J. -

Pilkey, O.H. - 1979 Sedimentation of the Eastern United states continental slope Marine; sediments. , Along the continental margin of the eastern United States, a major break in intercanyon continental slope sedimentation occurs at Cape Hatteras. North of Cape Hatteras, slope sediments are dominantly silts which exhibit little change in grain size from upper slope to lower slope. Because of the Florida Current, south of Cape Hatteras the upper slope has a greatly increased sand fraction, compared to the north, and grain size decreases downslope. All slope sediments are high in mica relative to the inshore portions of the margin, even the estuaries. Slope sediments have an exotic authigenic heavy mineral suite containing iron carbonates and iron sulfides. Detrital heavy minerals are depauperate in the densest fraction but otherwise mirror adjacent shelf suites. Slope benthic foraminiferal suites are mixtures of shelf and slope forms. Intercanyon portions of the slope are active depocenters. North of Hatteras, hemipelagic sedimentation is the dominant process with self spillover a secondary contributor. South of the Cape, spillover is much more important. Although mass wasting phenomena have been shown in the literature on the grand scale, there is little evidence for them in the upper 6m of sediment. Clay mineralogy and mica distribution on the continental margin indicate that some sediment being carried by rivers is getting through the estuaries, by-passing the shelf, and accumulating on the slope. They further show that winnowing on the adjacent shelf, both now and during the Holocene transgression, has provided additional sediment to the slope system.

Duane Hall and Associates - 1975 Captiva Island Beach Erosion Study and Plan of Improvements, Captiva Island, Florida, Fort Myers, Florida , Duane Hall and Associates, Inc. #1719

Duncan, D.S. -

Locker, S.D. -

Brooks, G.R. -

Hine, A.C. -

Doyle, L.J. - 2003 Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic infilling of a Neogene carbonate shelf-valley system: Tampa Bay, West-Central Florida , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 125-156 The shelf-valley system underlying Tampa Bay, Florida?s largest estuary, is situated in the middle of the Neogene carbonate Florida Platform. Compared to well-studied fluvially incised coastal plain valley systems, this shelf-valley system is unique in its karstic origin and its alternating carbonate-siliciclastic infill. A complex record of sea-level changes, paleo-fluvial variability and marine processes have controlled the timing and mechanisms of this `compound? shelf-valley infill. A dense grid of high-resolution, single-channel seismic data were collected at the mouth of Tampa Bay, in an attempt to define this stratigraphy, determine the controls on deposition, and define the underlying structure of this shelf-valley system. The seismic data were correlated with nearby wells and boreholes for lithologic and age control. Sequence stratigraphic methods were incorporated in order to develop an integrated chronostratigraphy for the depositional infilling of the shelf-valley system. Five seismic sequences were identified. Sequence boundaries generally show erosional truncation and karstification, with downlap of overlying sequences. Structure contour and isopach maps indicate that the Tampa Bay shelf-valley system has remained in essentially the same location since its formation in the early Miocene, although the provenance of sedimentary infill has changed. This change is due to increasing amounts of siliciclastic material during the Neogene. Seismic facies interpretations indicate lower-energy, northward prograding deposition dominated by predominantly carbonate sediments within the lowest Sequence A. Higher energy, siliciclastic fluvio-deltaic deposition within sequences B and C originates to the east and northeast of the shelf-valley system related to a Pliocene pulse of sedimentation onto the Florida Platform. Finally, marine processes (longshore transport, ebb-tidal delta formation) dominate the upper two sequences (D and E), reworking these siliciclastic sediments into a spatially mixed carbonate-siliciclastic depositional setting.

Edwards, J.H. -

Harrison, S.E. -

Locker, S.D. -

Hine, A.C. -

Twichell, D.C. - 2003 Stratigraphic framework of sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed siliciclastic/carbonate inner shelf; west-central Florida , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 195-217 Seismic reflection profiles and vibracores have revealed that an inner shelf, sand-ridge field has developed over the past few thousand years situated on an elevated, broad bedrock terrace. This terrace extends seaward of a major headland associated with the modern barrier-island coastline of west-central Florida. The overall geologic setting is a low-energy, sediment-starved, mixed siliciclastic/carbonate inner continental shelf supporting a thin sedimentary veneer. This veneer is arranged in a series of subparallel, shore-oblique, and to a minor extent, shore-parallel sand ridges. Seven major facies are present beneath the ridges, including a basal Neogene limestone gravel facies and a blue-green clay facies indicative of dominantly authigenic sedimentation. A major sequence boundary separates these older units from Holocene age, organic-rich mud facies (marsh), which grades upward into a muddy sand facies (lagoon or shallow open shelf/seagrass meadows). Cores reveal that the muddy shelf facies is either in sharp contact or grades upward into a shelly sand facies (ravinement or sudden termination of seagrass meadows). The shelly sand facies grades upward to a mixed siliciclastic/carbonate facies, which forms the sand ridges themselves. This mixed siliciclastic/carbonate facies differs from the sediment on the beach and shoreface, suggesting insignificant sediment exchange between the offshore ridges and the modern coastline. Additionally, the lack of early Holocene, pre-ridge facies in the troughs between the ridges suggests that the ridges themselves do not migrate laterally extensively. Radiocarbon dating has indicated that these sand ridges can form relatively quickly (~1.3 ka) on relatively low-energy inner shelves once open-marine conditions are available, and that frequent, high-energy, storm-dominated conditions are not necessarily required. We suggest that the two inner shelf depositional models presented (open-shelf vs. migrating barrier-island) may have co-existed spatially and/or temporally to explain the distribution of facies and vertical facies contacts.

Ellison, E.P. - 1949 A size distribution study of coastal sands of northern Florida. , No Abstract Avaliable

Emmerling, M.D. - 1975 The recent beach sands of Dog Island, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University: 137. No Abstract Avaliable

Engineering Department City of Deerfield Beach - 1977 A Chronological History of Beach Erosion Control in the City of Deerfield Beach, Florida , Engineering Department City of Deerfield Beach No Abstract Avaliable

Entsminger, L. - 1978 Beach Pads & Beach Cusps, St. Joseph Peninsula. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. This study is an investigation of beach pads and beach cusps on St. Joseph Spit, Franklin County, Florida. A beach pad is defined as a roughly triangular shoreline feature with its base parallel to shore and the next longest side being updrift. An associated bar extends from the most seaward point of the pad, in a downdrift direction, nearly parallel to the updrift side. A beach cusp is defined as a cuspate feature which usually occurs in groups along the foreshore as a series of alternating horns (pointing seaward) and embayments. Coarser sediments are associated with the horns. Both features were examined by field investigation of associated wave parameters, form and internal structure, as well as water and grain motion occurring around both beach pads and cusps. Laboratory procedures included study of landsat imagery and air photos for the occurrence and measurement of physical parameters of beach pads and cusps. Laminae samples from both types of features, taken in the field, were subjected to granulometric evaluation by sieving and subsequent statistical treatment. Beach cusps in the study area were found to have two mean spacings: 12 meters and 38 meters. The 12 meter beach cusps were often associated with beach pads and occurred along the active foreshore. The 38 meter cusps were found higher on the beach after storms and are referred to as "storm cusps". Both sizes of beach cusps were commonly found to be asymmetric, pointing into the direction of wave attack. Granulometric analysis showed that sediments collecting on the horns were coarser than those in the embayments. Beach cusps were observed forming in the presence of intersecting waves of different wavelengths. The sequence of wave and cusp interaction was documented. It was concluded that beach cusp asymmetry is the result of oblique wave attack and that maintainence of these cusps was due to a regular variation in swash energy along the foreshore. Both intersecting waves and langmuir circulation were postulated as possible causes of this variation in swash energy. Beach pads were found along the shoreline of St.Joseph Spit. They were observed in groups alternating with embayments (which often cut into the dune-ridge). Beach pad length varied from 100 meters to over 400 meters. Beach pads were observed t~ migrate downdrift under oblique wave attack. Migration rates varied with size and ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 meters per day. Granulometric analysis showed a systematic change in mean grain size and sorting along the beach pad.The presence of beach pads affected wave height and breaker angle which varied along the pad. Grain motion studies showed that sand could be added to the pad, travel through the pad along the foreshore or travel along the bar to the offshore. It was concluded that because of their size, their ability to migrate and the movement of sand through each pad that they play an important role in sand transport. Because they are built and migrate under oblique wave attack, beach pads are an excellent indication of a (momentarily) unidirectional littoral drift system. Beach pads migrate due to their inability to completely adjust to a wide variety of breaker angles.

Evans, M.W. -

Hine, A.C. - 1986 Quaternary infilling of the Charlotte Harbor estuarine/lagoonal system, southwest Florida: implications of structural control , SEPM Annual Midyear Meeting Abstracts, Raleigh, N.C.

Evans, M.W. -

Hine, A.C. -

Belknap, D.F. -

Davis Jr., R.A. - 1985 Bedrock controls on barrier island development: west-central Florida Coast , Marine Geology, v. 63, p. 263-283. #0734

Evans, M.W. -

Hine, A.C. - 1991 Late Neogene sequence stratigraphy of a carbonate-siliciclastic transition: southwest Florida , Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 5, p. 679-699

Evans, R.G. - 1962 A sedimentological study of greater Gullivan Bay, Florida , Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 58 p.

Ewing, M. - 1969 Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 1. , Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office: 672. No Abstract Avaliable

Fairbanks, R.G. - 1989 A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. , Nature, v. 342, p. 637-642 No Abstract Avaliable

Fairbridge, R.W. - 1960 The changing level of the sea. , Scientific American 202: 70-79. No Abstract Avaliable

Faught, M.K. -

Donoghue, J.F. - 1997 Marine inundated archaeological sites and paleofluvial systems: Examples from a karst-controlled continental shelf setting in Apalachee Bay, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. , Geoarchaeology, v. 12, no. 5, p. 417-458. No Abstract Avaliable

Faught, M.K. -

Carter, B. - 1998 Early human occupation and environmental change in northwestern Florida [Monograph] As the world warmed; human adaptations across the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. , Quaternary International 49-50: 167-176. No Abstract Avaliable

Ferguson, T.W. -

Davis Jr., R.A. - 2003 Post-Miocene stratigraphy and depositional environments of valley-fill sequences at the mouth of Tampa Bay, Florida , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 157-170 Post-Miocene sea-level low stands allowed rivers and karst processes to incise the exposed carbonate platform along the Gulf Coast of Florida. Few Miocene to mid-Pleistocene deposits survived erosion along the present coast except within incised valleys. Since their formation, these valleys have been filled and incised multiple times in response to sea-level changes. The thick sedimentary sequences underlying the mouth of Tampa Bay have been recorded as a range of depositional environments and multiple sea-level incursions and excursions during pre-Holocene time and subsequent to the accumulation of the Miocene carbonate sequences. Sediment analysis of cores collected from a north?south transect across the mouth of Tampa Bay has enabled the identification of lithofacies, ranging from well-sorted, quartz sand to dense, fossiliferous, phosphatic grainstone. These facies were deposited in freshwater, estuarine, and shallow, open marine environments. As a result of channel development and migration within the paleovalley, and cut-and-fill associated with individual transgressions and regressions, correlation of the lithofacies does not extend across the entire transect. Fining-upward sequences truncated by tidal ravinement surfaces that extend throughout the paleovalley can, however, be identified. Age determinations based on 14-C analysis, amino-acid racemization, and strontium isotope analysis dating of numerous samples yield ages of Miocene, Pliocene, early Pleistocene, and late Pleistocene, as well as Holocene for sequences that accumulated and were preserved in this valley-fill complex. Numerous inconsistencies in the stratigraphic organization of the age determinations indicate that there are bad dates, considerable reworking of shells that were dated, or both. For this reason as well as the lack of detailed correlation among the three relatively complete cores, it is not possible to place these strata in a sequence stratigraphic framework.

Field, M.E. - 1974 Buried Strandline Deposits on the Central Florida Inner Continental Shelf. , Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, 57-60. No Abstract Avaliable

Finkl Jr., C.W. - 1974 Management strategies for enhanced sand bypassing and beach replenishment in the Southeast Florida coastal zone: Potentials for application of new technologies. , Geologic Circular 74-1, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, Austin, TX. No Abstract Avaliable

Finkl Jr., C.W. -

Kerwin, L. - 1997 Emergency beach fill from glass cullet: An environmentally green management technique for mitigating erosional 'hot spots' in Florida. , TALLAHASSEE, FL, FLORIDA SHORE AND BEACH PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION: 304-319. For coastal managers, localized areas of accelerated shoreline retreat, often referred to as erosional 'hot spots,' are problematic because of their small size and high costs associated with remediation. These focal points of intense erosional activity commonly occur immediately downdrift of stabilized (jettied) navigational entrances and natural littoral drift barriers. Whatever their cause, hot spots require emergency fill to temporarily stabilize the beach. The application of processed glass cullet to erosional hot spots is a new, innovative, and evolving technology that has potential for emergency shore protection along developed shores. Proxy of recycled glass aggregate as beach fill has several advantages which include: (1) use of a cost-effective recycled product, (2) application of an environmentally safe (inert) material, (3) selection of preferred grain sizes and shapes by crushing and sieving glass cullet, (4) performance which meets hydrodynamic requirements for reducing site erosion, and (5) admixture of glass aggregate which approximates the density, durability, compaction, permeability, and color of native beach sand. Florida annually recycles about 170,000 m super(3) of glass cullet, of which 30% to 40% is available for alternative uses. Based on 500 m sub(3) of processed glass sand (crushed and sieved to -30+60 mesh grain size), material costs average about $2.70/m super(3) compared to $12.56/m super(3) for natural upland sand. Materials, overland delivery, and placement costs compare favorably with dredged offshore sand along the Florida southeast coast which averages about $11.80 per m super(3). Currently there is about 25,000 m super(3) of glass cullet available in Palm Beach, Broward, and Dade counties for erosional hot-spot control on beaches.

Finkl Jr., C.W. -

Khalil, S.M. -

Andrews, J.L. - 1997 Offshore sand sources for beach replenishment: Potential borrows on the continental shelf of the eastern Gulf of Mexico. , Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 15(2): 155-173. Erosion of sandy beaches is a worldwide problem that elicits innovative geoengineering techniques to reduce adverse impacts of shoreline retreat. Beach replenishment has emerged as the "soft" shore-stabilization technique of choice for mitigating beach erosion. This method of shore protection involves the addition of sand to the littoral sediment budget for sacrificial purposes. Because inland sand sources are often uneconomical or impractical to use, and known nearshore sources are limited, finding adequate quantities of suitable sand on the inner continental shelf is often vital to beach replenishment projects. The technical studies of survey and materials analysis that identify and delineate usable sand sources are sometimes almost as expensive as small-project dredging, pumping, and placing the sand on the beach as fill. Inadequate quantity or substandard quality of shelf sand, as well as often-prohibitive overhead expenses, thus compel shoreline managers to seek suitable sand sources offshore. In the study area off the central-west coast of Florida, offshore potential borrow areas (PBAs) were identified on the basis of studies conducted in reconnoitory and detailed phases. Sophisticated state-of-the-art equipment used in this investigation provided more detailed subbottom mapping information than is normally obtained with conventional seismic equipment. An example of sand exploration studies was incorporated in a 215-km super(2) survey of offshore areas by conducting bathymetric surveys and subbottom seismic profiling, collecting jet probes, grab samples, and vibrocores, and analyzing sediment grading in subsamples from vibrocores. These combined analyses indicated that at least 8.8 x 10 super(6) m super(3) of sand is available in potential borrow areas from 7.0 to 12 km offshore in water depths of 8.0 to 11.5 m. In the PBAs, mean grain size of sand falls into the range 0.13-0.53 mm, sorting averages 0.65-1.31 phi , and the overall silt content varies from 3.9-8.5%. High silt contents (13-19%) mapped in some areas make these sedimentary deposits unsuitable as fill for artificial beach renourishment.

Finkl, C.W. - 1996 What might happen to America's shorelines if artificial beach replenishment is curtailed: A prognosis for southeastern Florida and other sandy regions along regressive coasts. , Journal of Coastal Research 12(1): vp. Beach replenishment in Florida consumes about one-third of what the federal government spends nationally on battling coastal erosion. Recent proposals from Washington are to cut the federal share of hurricane and storm surge protection, inlet maintenance, sand bypassing, beach restoration, and periodic renourishment projects in Florida. Although Florida has more beach erosion control projects than all the other states combined, erosion is still a problem for some 700 km of shore and has reached "critical" levels along 370 km of Florida beachfront where development or recreation are threatened. Of 215 km of erosion that have been studied, 140 km have been restored; the remainder has been abandoned because erosion rates are too high. If the average federal 50% cost-share for coastal protection is eliminated, local governments will have to support future projects at a minimal rate of $20-40 million per year. The annual cost of shore protection is modest compared to income generated by beach-related activities in Florida which overall bring in about $1.5 billion in annual sales. Alternative proposals to forego beach renourishment altogether, because it is "too expensive," suggest that new lines will be drawn in the sand for construction control and erosion setbacks. Due to relative sea-level rise (which includes land subsidence), natural background shoreline recession rates for the Florida Atlantic coast now average between 0.3-0.4 m a super(-1). Accelerated rates of coastal erosion are associated with beaches backed by seawalls and coastal segments lying downdrift from stabilized inlets. Because jetties are littoral drift blockers, they are responsible for about 85% of Florida's beach erosion problem. Erosion fronts, which migrate downbeach from jetties at a rate of about 1 km a super(-1), can quickly impact long coastal segments in a few years. Just south of the Port Everglades inlet, for example from DEP monuments R86-R91, beach fill placed in 1989 eroded 60 m in 6 y

Fischer, D.W. -

Others - 1984 Beach management plan: University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL , Florida Department of Natural Resources, Division of Beaches and Shores, Tallahassee, FL

Fischer, D.W. -

Others - 1984 Beach management study. , University of West Florida. Tallahassee, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Division of Beaches and Shores. No Abstract Avaliable

Florida Department of Environmental Protection - 1995 Permit for Construction or other activities pursuant to section 161.041, Florida statutes , Letter from Virginia B. Wetherell dated Oct. 9, 1995 Tallahassee Florida, 8 p.

Florida Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems - 1988 Unpublished Legislative Appropriation for FY 1987-1988 , Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems Tallahassee, Florida

Florida Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems - 1989 Unpublished Legislative Appropriation for FY 1988-1989 , Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems Tallahassee, Florida

Florida Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems - 1996 Unpublished Restoration/Nourishment Projects Conducted during FY 1995-1996 , Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems Tallahassee, Florida

Florida Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems - 1995 Unpublished request for authorization to perform subsequent maintenance dredging event and beach disposal , Unpublished request for authorization to perform subsequent maintenance dredging event and beach disposal

Florida Inland Navigation District - 1988 Fanning Island Dredged Material Disposal Area , Florida Inland Navigation District No Abstract Avaliable

Florida Ocean Sciences Institute - 1969 An investigation of Beach Changes between Hollywood and Jupiter, Florida , Florida Ocean Sciences Institute No Abstract Avaliable

Florida Oceanographic Society - 1982 Coastal Zone Management Study of Hutchinson Island , Florida Oceanographic Society No Abstract Available

Foster, G.A, -

Healy, T.R. - 1996 Presaging beach renourishment from a nearshore dredge dump mound, Mt. Maunganui Beach, New Zealand. , Journal of Coastal Research 12(2): 395-405. A study was undertaken to ascertain whether material to be dredged from the shipping channel through a large ebb tidal delta at the entrance of Tauranga Harbor, New Zealand, could be dumped in shallow water (5-8 m below Mean Sea Level) off the downdrift Mt. Maunganui Beach and induce beach nourishment. Investigations included comparison of sedimentological texture of the material to be dredged, the dump site on the beach; a fluorescent sediment tracing experiment; application of standard Shore Protection Manual "fill" and "renourishment" factors; and application of the new techniques of Kraus et al. (1991), and Hands and Allison (1991). Results illustrated textural similarity between the sediments to be dredged and the natural beach and dump zone, while the sediment tracing experiment indicated predominantly onshore movement. Application of the S.P.M. techniques along with the new techniques of Kraus et al. (1991) and Hands and Allison (1991) gave consistent, plausible indications that beach nourishment would succeed from the nearshore dumping. This was confirmed by sequential beach and bathymetric surveys subsequent to dumping.

Frazier, D.E. - 1974 Depositional episodes: Their relationship to the Quaternary stratigraphic framework in the northwestern portion of the Gulf basin. , Geological Circular. Austin, Texas, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology. 74-1: 28. No Abstract Avaliable

Gahagan & Bryant Associates - 1977 Status Report for Beach Renourishment Town of Jupiter Island. Tampa , Gahagan & Bryant Associates No Abstract Available

Gahagan & Bryant Associates - 1978 Completion Report for Beach Renourishment Town of Jupiter Island. Tampa , Gahagan & Bryant Associates No Abstract Available

Gallagher, J. -

Todd, R.W. - 1999 Identification of prehistoric shorelines around Lake Okeechobee, Florida, and their implications. , Geological Society of America Annual Meeting Little is known about prehistoric elevation changes in Lake Okeechobee, south Florida, or the lake's response to changing sea level in the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Paleo-lake shorelines are typically studied through detailed examination of geomorphic remnants indicating lake level and some form of erosional or depositional activity. The very low relief around Lake Okeechobee provides a limited range of landforms, many of which have been altered by human activities. Nevertheless, satellite imagery and aerial photographs show distinct strandlines, some of which have been positively identified as paleo-lake shorelines in the field. Research into the age and origins of select shorelines is ongoing. An alternative approach has been taken in order to examine the entirety of this shallow but large (approximately 1890 square kilometers) body of water. Archaeological sites in the five counties surrounding Lake Okeechobee, as well as the modern lake shoreline, have been mapped on a GIS; their dates of occupation and types of culture are included. These peoples are known to have lived on or near their water and food sources--rivers, or the lake. Their occupations and likely responses to changing lake levels are discussed. Using these data, several maps showing portions of probable shorelines have been created. These are compared to photographs of actual landforms, to images showing known shorelines, and to suggested marine shorelines in south Florida. The relationship of the elevation of Lake Okeechobee to the ocean is examined, with some suggestions as to why lake levels changed. The ecological and geomorphic implications of fluctuating lake levels in this low-relief area are discussed.

Gallagher, R.M. - 1977 Sediments. Nearshore marine ecology at Hutchinson Island, Florida. , R. M. Gallagher. No Abstract Avaliable

Gartner, S. -

Chen, M.P. - 1983 Late Neogene nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoceanography of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and adjacent areas. , Marine Micropaleontology 8(1): 17-50. Two 305 m cored sections from the Northwest Florida continental shelf contain a nearly complete record of late Neogene hemipelagic sedimentation. One of the sites, south and east of De Soto Canyon, is isolated from terrigenous sediment except for sediment transported in suspension. This site contains a continuous record from the late Miocene to the Recent. The second site, on the western rim of De Soto Canyon, is more expanded and continuous from the late Pliocene to the Recent. A hiatus separates the late Pliocene from the middle Miocene. Six prominent nannofossil biohorizons were recognized within the Pleisocene, seven within the Pliocene, and three within the Miocene; in addition one biohorizon marks the base of the Pleistocene and another the base of the Pliocene.

Gelfenbaum, G. -

Brooks, G.R. - 2003 The morphology and migration of transverse bars off the west-central Florida coast , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 273-289 A series of migrating shore-normal sandbars with wavelengths of 75?120 m and heights up to 2 m have been identified off the northern tip of Anna Maria Island, a barrier island on the west-central Florida coast. Similar features have been described elsewhere since the 1930s and termed `transverse bars?. The transverse bars identified off Anna Maria Island are found for about 3 km along the coast and extend 4 km offshore, well outside the normal surf-zone width. No cusps or any other associated beach expression is evident despite the fact that the bars come to within about 75 m of the beach. Sediments on the crests of the bars are a well-sorted fine quartz sand, whereas sediments in the troughs are a poorly sorted coarse carbonate shell hash. Historical aerial photographs and repeated high-resolution bathymetric surveys provide a means of quantifying the migration of the transverse bars. Analyses of orthorectified aerial photographs from the early 1940s through the mid 1990s clearly show movement or migration taking place in the bar field. In the 40-yr period from 1951 to 1991, the southern edge of the bar field moved 200?350 m to the south, with an average long-term migration rate of 8 m/yr. Repeated bathymetric surveys over an 8-month period give an average short-term migration rate of 21 m/yr to the south. Wave and current measurements suggest that southerly winds associated with the passage of cold fronts drive near-bed currents to the south that are strong enough to initiate sediment transport and cause the southerly migration of the transverse bars.

George F. Young, Inc. - 1987 Eighth Post-project Captiva Island Beach Monitoring Study Report , George F. Young, Inc.

Giannino, S.P. -

Stevens, R.W. -

Watts, G.M. - 1985 Local financing for beach nourishment at Captiva Island, Florida , Coastal Zone '85, pp. 2154-2170

Gibbs, A.E. - 1991 Stratigraphy and Geologic History of Three Rooker Bar: A recently Emergent Barrier Island on the West-Central Coast of Florida , University of South Florida, Tampa, FL

Gohrbandt, K.H. - 2002 Eastern Gulf of Mexico; 1, A look at regional deposition under W. Florida shelf, slope. , Oil & Gas Journal 100(3): 26-30. No Abstract Avaliable

Goldin, A. -

Sorenson, C.J. - 1995 Soils and of grain-size characteristics of Holocene and Pleistocene surfaces along the Florida Gulf Coast. , Association of American Geographers 91st annual meeting No Abstract Avaliable

Goldin, A. -

Sorenson, C.J. - 1997 Particle size distribution along a Pleistocene terrace on the Florida Panhandle Gulf Coast. , No Abstract Avaliable

Goodbred Jr., S.L. -

Wright, E.E. - 1998 Sea-level change and storm-surge deposition in a Late Holocene Florida salt marsh. , Journal of Sedimentary Research Section B: Stratigraphy and Global Studies 68(2): 240-252. A 300-km length of west Florida's coastline is dominated by an open-marine coastal marsh system. Located along the central part of this sediment-poor region, Waccasassa Bay is presently a broad, shallow embayment rimmed by an expansive Juncus roemerianus salt marsh. In this system, sediments were first deposited in a forested swamp from similar to 4400 to 1800 cal yr BP. Contemporaneously, large oyster reefs grew in the embayment near a paleo-river mouth. These deposits indicate a period of slow sea-level rise during the Late Holocene that correlates with the establishment or regression of other west Florida coastal systems. Circa 1800 cal yr BP, a rapid transgression of 2-4 km led to salt marsh growth over the former swamp, and a brackish marsh developed over a previously unflooded upland surface. Calculated rates of shoreline retreat are 10 to > 20 m/yr at this time and compare to < 3.0 m/yr during most of the Late Holocene. Timing of the event in Waccasassa Bay corresponds with transgressive sequences in other Atlantic and Gulf coast systems and supports a relative sea-level fluctuation ca. 1800 cal yr BP. Following this event, sediments overstepped during the transgression were reworked onto the low-lying tidal marsh. Rapid accretion along the shore edge outpaced sea-level rise and led to the local development of high intertidal and supratidal levees. Evidence indicates that storm-driven surge was the principal mechanism of sediment transport for these deposits. In Waccasassa Bay, storm-surge deposition has played a significant role in marsh surface accretion, distinguishing the system from more typically tide-dominated wetlands. Within the past similar to 150 years, most of the supratidal environment became tidally inundated and there was a widespread transition into the modern salt marsh. This change and evidence from adjacent portions of the Florida coast implicate a rise in sea level within the past several hundred years.

Gorsline, D.S. - 1966 Dynamic characteristics of west Florida Gulf coast beaches. , Marine Geology 4: 187-206. No Abstract Avaliable

Grabe, S.A. -

Gibson, G.G. - 1995 Ecological relationships of myodocopid ostracods in the vicinity of Marco Island, Florida. , Bulletin of Marine Science 56(2): 695-701. This note examines the species composition, abundance, and sediment grain size relationships of myodocopid ostracods from a nearshore area of the eastern Gulf of Mexico in the vicinity of Marco Island, Florida. All samples were collected as part of a beach renourishment monitoring program which commenced during February 1990. Borrow sites, the source of the sand for renourishment, and reference locations were situated in passes north (Big Marco) and south Caxambas) of the outer coastline of Marco Island. Renourishment took place over 4.25 km of beach. Data discussed in this note are from three post-renourishment sampling periods.

Grosz, A.E. -

Nocita, B.W. - 1989 Preliminary grain-size and mineralogic analyses of vibracore samples from the inner continental shelf offshore of Cape Canaveral, Florida. , No Abstract Avaliable

Hand, J.J. - 1998 Geologic history and modern morphodynamics of Dog Island, Franklin County, Florida. , Dog Island is a slightly developed barrier island south of Carabelle, Florida in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Five sedimentary facies were identified in eighteen vibracores recovered from Dog Island. Data from the cores support the theory that the Apalachicola barrier islands have evolved though shoal aggradation and beach ridge progradation. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the island is 3,000+ or -1000 years old. It is composed of sediments deposited by the Apalachicola River and reworked by the Holocene transgression. Numerous beach ridge sets show a complex history of island growth and erosion. An apparently cyclic pattern of straight and recurved beach ridges provide a history of alternating modes of sediment transport. Large scale, periodic, catastrophic weather events followed by island recovery and sediment redistribution can explain these patterns. Trends seen from less severe storms during historic times seem to mimic this pattern on a smaller scale. Exhumed peat beds and tree stumps on the Gulf side of the island attest to the large scale recession of the shoreline shown in historic maps. Sediment budgets demonstrate that erosion rates on Dog Island have oscillated about a narrow range increasing slightly over the last 150 years. The effects of storms and seasonal weather patterns are magnified in short-term studies, but on longer time scales their effect is negligible. A slowly increasing rate of erosion on the Gulf side of the island with deposition on both ends has persisted over the last 150 years resulting in Gulf shoreline retreat of up to 300 m and lateral progradation of approximately 500 m on each end.

Hansen, M. -

Stauble, D.K. - 1981 Textural change of sediment during beach nourishment of the beaches at Indialantic-Melbourne Beach, Florida. , No Abstract Avaliable

Harbor Branch Consortium - 1974 Indian River Study. Fort Pierce , Harbor Branch Consortium No Abstract Available

Harrison, S.E. -

Locker, S.D. -

Hine, A.C. -

Edwards, J.H. -

Naar, D.F. -

Twichell, D. -

Mallinson, D.J. - 2003 Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida , Marine Geology, v. 200, P. 171-194 High-resolution side-scan mosaics, sediment analyses, and physical process data have revealed that the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic, inner shelf of west-central Florida supports a highly complex field of active sand ridges mantled by a hierarchy of bedforms. The sand ridges, mostly oriented obliquely to the shoreline trend, extend from 2 km to over 25 km offshore. They show many similarities to their well-known counterparts situated along the US Atlantic margin in that both increase in relief with increasing water depth, both are oriented obliquely to the coast, and both respond to modern shelf dynamics. There are significant differences in that the sand ridges on the west-central Florida shelf are smaller in all dimensions, have a relatively high carbonate content, and are separated by exposed rock surfaces. They are also shoreface-detached and are sediment-starved, thus stunting their development. Morphological details are highly distinctive and apparent in side-scan imagery due to the high acoustic contrast. The seafloor is active and not a relict system as indicated by: (1) relatively young AMS 14C dates (<1600 yr BP) from forams in the shallow subsurface (1.6 meters below seafloor), (2) apparent shifts in sharply distinctive grayscale boundaries seen in time-series side-scan mosaics, (3) maintenance of these sharp acoustic boundaries and development of small bedforms in an area of constant and extensive bioturbation, (4) sediment textural asymmetry indicative of selective transport across bedform topography, (5) morphological asymmetry of sand ridges and 2D dunes, and (6) current-meter data indicating that the critical threshold velocity for sediment transport is frequently exceeded. Although larger sand ridges are found along other portions of the west-central Florida inner shelf, these smaller sand ridges are best developed seaward of a major coastal headland, suggesting some genetic relationship. The headland may focus and accelerate the N?S reversing currents. An elevated rock terrace extending from the headland supports these ridges in a shallower water environment than the surrounding shelf, allowing them to be more easily influenced by currents and surface gravity waves. Tidal currents, storm-generated flows, and seasonally developed flows are shore-parallel and oriented obliquely to the NW?SE trending ridges, indicating that they have developed as described by the Huthnance model. Although inner shelf sand ridges have been extensively examined elsewhere, this study is the first to describe them in a low-energy, sediment-starved, dominantly mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentary environment situated on a former limestone platform.

Harvey, J. - 1982 An assessment of beach erosion and outline of management alternatives, Longboat Key, Florida , The Longboat Key Town Commission, 154 p.

Hayes, M.O. - 1979 Barrier island morphology as a function of tidal and wave regime. Barrier Islands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. , New York, Academic Press: 1-27. No Abstract Avaliable

Hearn, J.K. -

Erickson, K.M. - 1993 Longboat Pass inlet management plan , Applied Technology and Management, Inc. Gainesville, FL, 123 p.

Hendrickson, J.C. -

Donoghue, J.F. - 1997 High-resolution records of salt marsh accretion and subsidence, northeastern Gulf of Mexico coast. , Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 46th annual meeting The northeastern Gulf of Mexico is a tide-dominated embayment known as the Apalachee Bay. Rivers draining Florida and southern Georgia deposit sediment at the coastline. The shoreline is nonetheless irregular and relatively sediment-starved, with grass beds common. Tidal range is approximately 1 m. Rising tides flood the marsh grasses to depths ranging from several inches to 18 inches, deepening the numerous, meandering, tidal creeks that intersect the shoreline. At high tide the upper reaches of these creeks attain widths of 100 feet or more in the marshes, although in their incised channels nearer the Gulf, creek widths change much less. Falling tides expose shallow tidal creek-beds, oyster bars and mud flats. An extensive program has been undertaken to measure, on a micro-scale, changes in accretion, subsidence and sedimentation at a number of sites in intertidal areas of the Apalachee Bay coast. At each site sediment erosion tables (SET) and cryogenic coring plots have been established, with measurements of subsidence and accretion collected semi-annually, or more frequently at some sites. Additionally, lead-210 cores have been collected for long-term sedimentation rate analysis in both intertidal and subtidal environments at each site. Results indicate that the marshes in general are healthy, accreting at a rate that approximately compensates for subsidence and sea-level rise (locally 2 mm/yr). Response to periodic storms is complex, and apparently depends on the duration of the storm event.

Herren, R.M. - 1999 The Effect of Beach Nourishment on Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Nesting and Reproductive Success at Sebastian Inlet, Florida. Biology. Orlando, University of Central Florida. , Orlando, University of Central Florida. No Abstract Avaliable

Hess, D. - 1995 A Study of Storm and Anthropogenic Effects on Estuarine Sedimentation, Apalachicola Bay, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Estuaries are influenced by the interaction of fluvial, tidal, oceanographic and climatic processes. A minor change in anyone of these agents can have a significant impact on the entire estuarine system. These sensitive environments are also highly productive. Apalachicola Bay, Florida, is an important nursery for both commercial and recreational fisheries. The majority of the employment within the surrounding counties (Franklin and Gulf) is directly related to the estuary. .Continued non-regulated development within the watershed of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint Rivers, the catchment of Apalachicola Bay, has the potential for adverse effects within the estuary. Deterloratlon of the estuary's health would have a devastating effect in the surrounding counties. Defining the recent (100-150 yr) sedimentation history for Apalachicola Bay increases our understanding of the processes acting upon the bay. The Pb-210 dating method yields accurate sedimentation rates for the past 100-150 years, providing a structure for such a history. Analysis of a suite of sediment cores from Apalachicola Bay yields evidence that sedimentation rates have generally been constant and uninterrupted for the past 100-150 years. This finding conflicts with previous studies which concluded that major storms produce significant hiatuses in the sedimentation record of the estuary. The current study shows no major sedimentologic events occurring within the past 100-150 years, thus suggesting that storms have had little effect on the sedimentation history of Apalachicola Bay. Textural analysis (sand-silt-clay percentages) show that the granulometry of the sediments being deposited within the estuary has changed over two periods in the estuary's recent history. However, neither one of these changes corresponds to the time when extensive dam construction began along the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint river system in the early 1950s. This finding also contradicts previous studies which suggest that, since the construction of the dams, the relative abundance of sand reaching the estuary has increased while the amount of silt has decreased. Overall, the recent history of the Apalachicola Bay Estuary reveals little change in sedimentation over time.

Highley, A.B. - 1995 Recent Sediments of the Aucilla River Estuary and the Northern Big Bend Coast, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. The Aucilla River of northwest Florida drains parts of the central panhandle of northwest Florida and a small area in southwestern Georgia. It traverses nearly 111 km through a 220,510 hectare basin. The slow-moving river carries little sediment and terminates in Apalachee Bay, a low-energy embayment in the northeastern most Gulf of Mexico. This coastal region, known as the Florida Big Bend, is characterized by mudflats, sea grass beds, and an absence of sandy beaches and barrier islands. Clastic sediments of the coast and shelf rest on a shallow-dipping carbonate platform. The upper surface of the platform is locally karstic. As a result, like other rivers in this region of northwest Florida, the Aucilla watershed is marked by sinkholes and disappearing streams. The fact that the river travels underground through part of its lower watershed serves to trap or sieve some of its clastic load. In the estuary, the undulating karst topography causes the estuarine and marsh sediments to vary in thickness from 0 to nearly 4.2 meters. In places, in both the estuary and lower river valley --as well as offshore-the Tertiary carbonate units are exposed at the surface. The concave-seaward shape of the coastline and its orientation with respect to prevailing winds result in low average wave energy. Sedimentation is therefore controlled by riverine and tidal forces. Twenty-seven push cores were collected in the study area and analyzed for texture. Four additional cores were collected to determine sedimentation rates using the Pb-2l0 dating method comparison data from two other Big Bend estuaries, the St. Marks and Steinhatchee, were also collected. Granulometric results from the Aucilla cores showed the sediment texture of the surficial sediments to be quite similar to that found in the other two estuaries and from other studies in the region. However, more interesting than the areally uniform surface textural data for the entire Big Bend were the downcore textural changes observed in the Aucilla cores ( as well as in the St. Marks and Steinhatchee cores). The mean grain size and standard deviation data remained unchanged with depth. From these data, the present day low-energy conditions in the region appear to have changed little over much of the Holocene. Sedimentation rates derived from the Pb-210 dating method were comparable to rates determined in other studies of similar environments, tending to be near the low end of the range values. The low rates are probably due to the low energy and sediment-starved conditions in the Big Bend.

Hill, T.M. -

Brooks, G.R. -

Duncan, D.S. -

Medioli, F.S. - 2003 Benthic foraminifera of the Holocene transgressive west-central Florida inner shelf: paleoenvironmental implications , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 263-272 The sedimentology, stratigraphic position, and benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of early- to mid-Holocene deposits from the west-central Florida shelf suggest that barrier islands developed along this coast as early as 8.3 ka, in an environment that was more arid than today. Predominant foraminifera of three paralic sedimentary facies deposited between 5.3 and 8.3 ka include miliolids, Elphidium spp., and Ammonia spp., all of which are common in back-barrier environments. Foraminiferal assemblages also suggest that early back-barrier sediments were deposited in a hypersaline environment, similar to that of the arid Laguna Madre of the western Gulf of Mexico. Modern back-barrier foraminifera in the Tampa Bay region are indicative of the humid subtropical climate of today. Thus, the climate of west-central Florida at approximately 8 ka was more arid than today, which is consistent with recent studies showing that climate in the Gulf of Mexico was dryer and cooler during this time period.

Hine, A.C. - 1987 Evaluation of the Lee County coastline: dominant processes, shoreline change, stabilization efforts, and recommendations for beach management , Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL

Hine, A.C. -

Brooks, G.R. -

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Doyle, L.J. -

Gelfenbaum, G. -

Locker, S.D. -

Twichell, D. -

Weisberg, R. - 2001 A Summary of findings of the West-Central Florida Coastal Studies project , USGS Open File Report OF 01-0303

Hine, A.C. -

Belknap, D.F. - 1988 Recent geological history and modern sedimentary processes along an incipient, low-energy, epicontinental-sea coastline: Northwest Florida. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 58(4): 567-579. A major portion of Florida's Gulf of Mexico coastline is a siliciclastic, sand-starved, low-wave-energy system dominated by marshes that face the open sea. Within a 65-km sector along this 300-km-long, open-marine marsh coast, four distinctly different morphological sectors have been identified: 1) berm-ridge marsh shoreline, 2) marsh peninsula shoreline, 3) marsh archipelago shoreline, and 4) shelf embayment shoreline. The underlying Paleogene limestone bedrock topography results from karstification and dissolution processes. This antecedent topography and distribution of actively discharging freshwater springs affect sedimentary processes, facies, and stratigraphic units. Within the inner continental shelf, very little of the marsh stratigraphy or large oyster bioherms is preserved. Only those sediments that have accumulated within bedrock depressions or sinkholes have the best chance for long-term retention. Thus, a condensed stratigraphic section is produced.

Hine, A.C. -

Mearns, D.L. -

Davis, R.A. -

Bland, M. - 1986 Impact of Florida's Gulf coast inlets on the coastal sand budget , Departments of Marine Science and Geology, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg and Tampa, FL, 128 p. #1131

Hine, A.C. -

Brooks, G.R. -

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Duncan, D.S. -

Locker, S.D. -

Twichell, D.C. -

Gelfenbaum, G. - 2003 The west-central Florida inner shelf and coastal system: a geologic conceptual overview and introduction to the special issue , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 1-17 This paper provides an overview for this special publication on the geologic framework of the inner shelf and coastal zone of west-central Florida. This is a significant geologic setting in that it lies at the center of an ancient carbonate platform facing an enormous ramp that has exerted large-scale control on coastal geomorphology, the availability of sediments, and the level of wave energy. In order to understand the Holocene geologic history of this depositional system, a regional study defined by natural boundaries (north end of a barrier island to the apex of a headland) was undertaken by a group of government and university coastal geologists using a wide variety of laboratory and field techniques. It is the purpose of this introductory paper to define the character of this coastal/inner shelf system, provide a historical geologic perspective and background of environmental information, define the overall database, present the collective objectives of this regional study, and very briefly present the main aspects of each contribution. Specific conclusions are presented at the end of each paper composing this volume.

Hobbs, A.O. - 1988 Historical Overview of Federal Beach Nourishment Project in Florida , Papers Presented at Beach Preservation Technology'88, Tait, L.S. (ed.), Gainesville, Florida. pp. 41-46

Hobson, R.D. - 1981 Beach Nourishment Techniques, Report 3, Typical U.S. Beach Nourishment Projects using Offshore Sand Deposits. TR H-76-1 , Vicksburg, Mississippi: Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 117p. #3191

Holmes, C.W. - 1962 Sediments of the Ten Thousand Islands , Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 87 p.

Holmes, N.H. -

Trickey, B.E. - 1974 Late Holocene Sea-Level Oscillations in Mobile Bay. , American Antiquity 39(1): 122-124. No Abstract Avaliable

Huang, H.L. - 1966 Stratigraphic investigations of several cores from the Tampa Bay Area , University of South Florida, Tampa, FL

Huang, T.C. -

Goodell, H.G. - 1967 Sediments of Charlotte Harbor, southwestern Florida , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology: v. 37, no. 2, p. 449-474

Humiston and Moore, Engineers - 1996 Gulf Shores/Gulf Pines/West Gulf Drive beach restoration projects on Sanibel Island, hydrographic monitoring report no. 1 , Humiston and Moore, Engineers, Naples, FL, 17 p.

Humiston, K.K. - 1988 The effects of the growth and migration of Big Marco Pass ebb tidal shoals on Marco Island beaches , Beach Preservation Technology 1988, p.375-381. # J69-0375

Hummel, R. - 1985 Texture and Granulometry of Planar Cross-Stratification From Some Unconsolidated, Ancient and Modern, Quartz Sand Deposits. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Granulometric and textural analysis of laminar foreset samples from unlithified sets of angular to incipiently tangential cross-strata may be an important tool in reconstructing the depositional history of a sedimentary deposit and differentiating between depositional environments (marine fluvial and eolian) Mechanical size analysis and microscopic investigations were carried out on samples from sets of cross-strata from the Coker Formation (Late Cretaeous; Alabama), Providence Sand (Late Cretaceous; Georgia), Modern coastal sand dune (Saint George Island, Florida) and modern point bar (Ochlockonee River, Florida). Results were found to be consistent with the prevailing model of the hydrodynamic system operating to the lee of a discontinuity in a unidirectional flow or migrating bedform. Also, the model seems to function independently of the fluid medium. Mean grain size of samples taken in a direction perpendicular to the strike of the foreset slope from the coarse and fine grained cross-strata decreased up current in about half the cases and showed no pattern in the rest current in fluvial samples perpendicular to strike of slope from coarse and fine grained cross-strata. However, there is no significant change in sorting for samples from fluvial-marine and eolian deposits. Mean grain size and sorting shows no consistent pattern in samples taken parallel to strike of the foreset slope. Mean roundness decreases up current in fluvial-marine and eolian samples taken perpendicular to strike of the foreset slope from coarse and fine grained cross-strata and increase up current in fluvial samples. In fluvial deposits the coarse grained cross-strata are approximately equal to the fine grained cross-strata in thickness. On the other hand, fluvial-marine and eolian coarse grained cross-strata are up to ten times thicker than the fine grained cross-strata. The set of cross-strata from the Providence Sand showed that non-disk shaped muscovite grains were selectively transported farther down the foreset slope than quartz grains, all else being equal. Also, disc shaped muscovite particles were selectively transported farther down the lee slope than non-disc shaped muscovite grains, all else being equal. Muscovite content increases with decreasing grain size class. There is no relationship between shape of the muscovite grains and grain size class.

Hummiston & Moore Engineers - 2001 Big Marco and Capri Pass Feasibility Study , Prepared for Collier County Board of Commissioners, Huminston & Moore, August, 2001. # 3040

Hydrosurveys Geophysical and Oceanographic Surveys - 1973 Offshore Sand Survey, Broward County, Florida , Hydrosurveys Geophysical and Oceanographic Surveys No Abstract Avaliable

Hyne, N.J. -

Goodell, H.G. - 1967 Origin of the sediments and submarine geomorphology of the inner continental shelf off Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida. , Marine Geology 5: 299-313. No Abstract Avaliable

Isphording, W.C. - 1985 Sedimentological investigation of Apalachicola Bay, Florida. , Mobile District, Corps of Engineers, University of Alabama: 99. No Abstract Avaliable

Isphording, W.C. -

Anonymous - 1996 Sediment texture signatures in Gulf Coast estuaries. , The Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 67(2): 82. No Abstract Avaliable

Isphording, W.C. - 1989 Physical and mineralogical characteristics of bays and estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana to Apalachicola Bay, Florida). , Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 38th annual meeting No Abstract Avaliable

Isphording, W.C. -

Isphording, G.W. - 1991 Identification of ancient storm events in buried Gulf Coast sediments. , Transactions - Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 41: 339-347. No Abstract Avaliable

Jagger, K.A. -

Psuty, N.P. -

Allen, J.R. - 1991 Caleta morphodynamics, Perdido Key, Florida. , U.S.A. Z. Geomorph. N. F., Suppl.-Bd. 81: 99-113. No Abstract Avaliable

Jewell, P. - 1987 Morphodynamics of the Cape Romano shoals , University of South Florida, 87 p.

John F. Michel & Associates - Report on Beach Erosion South of the Mouth of Hillsboro Inlet. , John F. Michel & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

John F. Michel & Associates - 1962 Report on Beach Erosion South of the Mount of Hillsboro Inlet , John F. Michel & Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Jones, C. -

Cliburn, M. - 1987 Brevard County Beach Management Plan-Draft. Columbia , Jones & Cliburn (Christopher Jones and Michael Cliburn) No Abstract Available

Jones, M. - 1997 Late Quaternary Foraminifera From Lower Bathyal and Abyssal Sediments, Gulf of Mexico: a Record of Paleoceanographic Change. , Striking Late Quaternary surface- and deep-water oceanographic changes and a link to North Atlantic thermohaline circulation are identified by analyses of high-resolution, benthic and planktic foraminiferal census data from the lower bathyal and abyssal Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The recognized environmental, water mass, preservation, and productivity signals reveal a detailed paleoenvironmental and paleoceanographic history. A paleoceanographic model developed for surface and deep waters of the abyssal Gulf describes a four-stage sequence of oceanographic changes from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. Compared to present-day surface waters, those of LGM were nutrient-enriched and had reduced productivity. The influx of glacial meltwater into the Gulf, identified by increases in Globigerinoides ruber and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, caused a reduction in salinity and an increase in nutrients (leading to higher surface-water productivity), and possibly initiated a period of surface- and bottom-water instability that continued into the middle or late Holocene. Planktic foraminifera do not indicate that GOM surface waters cooled to full-glacial conditions during the Younger Dryas interval. Compositional changes in Gulf Basin Water (GBW) from LGM to the present, with a period of bottom-water instability in between, reflect changing source areas for intermediate- and deep-water formation in the Atlantic. Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water (GNAIW), indicated by high relative abundances of the Oridorsalis tener species group, Ioanella tumidula, and Eggerella bradyi, strongly influenced glacial GBW during LGM and most of the Meltwater/Younger Dryas intervals. From the late Holocene to the present, a stronger influence of upper North Atlantic Deep Water (UNADW), indicated by high relative abundances of Cibicides wuellerstorfi, is evident. Between these two intervals, the influence of both GNAIW and UNADW is present, probably reflecting bottom-water reorganization. Relative abundances of several dissolution-prone benthic species (e.g. Biloculinella irregularis, Hoeglundina elegans), and of various dissolution-prone and dissolution-resistant planktic species indicate diminished bottom-water corrosivity during glacial intervals, again reflecting a significant change in GBW.

Kana, T.W. -

Stevens, F. - 1991 Post-Hugo beach restoration in South Carolina. , NEW YORK, NY, ASCE: 1697-1711. Hurricane Hugo caused unprecedented damage and extensive beach erosion in South Carolina on 22 September 1989. One week after Hugo, a plan was prepared to push up an emergency dune along 65 miles (105 km) of developed beaches between Folly Beach and North Myrtle Beach. This was the first part of a three-phase project to restore South Carolina beaches. Dune restoration by scraping was successful along shorelines having healthy beaches and dunes before Hugo. However, 20 miles (32 km) of developed coast in the impacted area had a sand deficit and lacked a dry-sand beach prior to the storm. A second phase of the project was therefore implemented to nourish these areas from external sources. Five beach-fill projects were constructed at North Myrtle Beach, Myrtle Beach, Surfside Beach, Garden City, and Pawleys Island. Total nourishment volume was 1.25 million cubic yards (950,000 cubic meters). Criteria for these projects included prestorm condition surveys and poststorm profiles indicating volumetric losses. Construction was complete by April 1990. The final phase of the project involved dune revegetation and sand fencing. Total cost of the project was $9.8 million with 60 percent state funding and 40 percent federal funding. Preliminary results indicate the combination of emergency nourishment and natural recovery of the beach profile restored Myrtle Beach to near prestorm conditions by October 1990. North Myrtle Beach had recovered 85 percent of its Hugo losses within one year after the storm. Sand budget data were not available for the other projects at the time of this writing. A network of beach profiles, preexisting volumetric analyses, and data on potential borrow sources was critical to developing emergency dune/beach renourishment plans in a timely manner. Implementation was facilitated by close coordination among federal, state, and local officials.

Keen, T. - 1987 The Comparative Sedimentology of Two Stranded Bars, and Implications for their Origin. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. The 1985 hurricane season saw the deposition of two stranded bars at Carrabelle Beach, Florida. These bars are characterized by convex-up concentric bedding and discrete heavy mineral lamination. The bar deposited by Hurricane Elena contained only these internal structures whereas the Hurricane Kate bar revealed a multistage depositional history with the earliest phase resulting in migrating break-point bar construction. The different paths of these two hurricanes, and local physiographic factors, worked in combination to produce different degrees of sediment reworking for these two events. The "Elena" bar was deposited from an evolving sediment pool and shows a temporal decrease in sample means and standard deviations as well as greater variability .The "Kate " bar was constructed from mature sediment which exhibited little variation. Erosion during the early phases of these storms removed large volumes of sand from the beach to offshore, there reworking it until the wave energy decreased sufficiently for bar growth to commence. This process concentrated heavy minerals to very high levels before moving them ashore. During shoreward transport these sediments were progressively sorted and the two storm sand populations acquired their terminal characteristics. Consideration of the storm surge history and sediment characteristics leads to the conclusion that heavy mineral lamination resulted from wave breaking seaward of the bar whereas the thicker bedding seen in the lower part of the "Elena" bar was due to waves breaking shoreward of the bar. The extent of individual beds and laminae parallel to shore was tens of meters, reflecting the length of unbroken wave crests. This paper tentatively identifies the sedimentary processes responsible for the deposition of these bars and their unique sedimentary characteristics. Further mathematical analysis of these processes is indicated, using suspended sediment concentrations and :general physical principles.

Kindinger, J.L. -

Morton, R.A. - 1999 Evolution and Holocene stratigraphy of estuarine systems; a conceptual model for the northern Gulf of Mexico. , Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1999: A72. In recent years, many geological studies have been conducted along the coastal embayments and nearshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico, including Tampa Bay, Mobile Bay, Lake Pontchartrain, Calcasieu Lake, Sabine Lake, Nueces Bay, and Corpus Christi Bay. Processes driven by sea-level change during the late Wisconsinan regression and subsequent Holocene transgression have formed the bays and estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico. Erosion by fluvial systems during the late Wisconsinan lowstand cut valleys across the continental shelf. The rapid Holocene transgression forced coastal-plain shorelines landward. As sea-level rise slowed, the incised valleys became estuarine depocenters. Estuarine sediments deposited in the alluvial valley during the initial flooding of the valleys overlie lowstand fluvial and interfluvial deposits. During the present highstand, wave reworking and longshore sediment transport formed shoals or barrier islands across the estuary mouths creating restricted estuaries into which bayhead deltas have prograded. Late Holocene deposition in the estuaries has been dominantly lagoonal sediments. A conceptual model incorporating these erosional and depositional processes with sea-level change has been developed. The model effectively describes the evolutionary succession from incised valley to estuary, exclusive of fluvial source or sediment supply.

Kirkland, D.W. -

Gerhard, J.E. - 1971 Jurassic salt, central Gulf of Mexico, and its temporal relation to circum-Gulf exaporites. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 55: 680-686. No Abstract Avaliable

Klay, J.M. - 1989 Stratigraphy and Holocene history of the Cape Romano shoals, southwest Florida shelf , Department of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 132 p.

Kofoed, J. - 1961 Sedimentary Environments in Apalachicola Bay & Vicinity, Florida. , Department of Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the distribution of sediment transported by the Apalaohicola River into Apalachicola Bay and vicinity and to determine factors which would aid in the interpretation of similar ancient environments recorded in sedimentary rocks. This objective is based on the premise that the factors and the forces presently acting upon the sediment types are similar to those of the geologic past. The nature and variability of the sediments were investigated by statistical procedures to quantitatively evaluate the parameters of sedimentation; source, transport, site of deposition and diagenesis. In addition, associations of primary sedimentary structures with environment and sediment distribution were also studied. Data of this nature offer a detailed understanding of the environment and permit a quantitative approach to the lithostratigraphic problems of finding similar environments in the rock record.

Kofoed, J.W. -

Gorsline, D.S. - 1963 Sedimentary environments in Apalachicola Bay and vicinity, Florida. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 33(1): 205-233. No Abstract Avaliable

Kraft, J.C. - 1971 Quaternaria. , Quaternaria 14 No Abstract Avaliable

Kuehn, D.W. - 1980 Offshore transgressive peat deposits of southwest Florida: Evidence of a late Holocene rise of sea level. , Geology. University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University. No Abstract Avaliable

Kugler, R.L. -

Mink, R.M. - 1999 Depositional and diagenetic history and petroleum geology of the Jurassic Norphlet Formation of the Alabama coastal waters area and adjacent federal waters area. , Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 17(2-3): 215-232. The discovery of deep (20,000 ft) gas reservoirs in eolian sandstone of the Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation in Mobile Bay and offshore Alabama in the late 1970s represents one of the most significant hydrocarbon discoveries in the nation during the past several decades. Estimated original proved gas from Norphlet reservoirs in the Alabama coastal waters and adjacent federal waters is 7.462 trillion ft3 (Tcf) (75% recovery factor). Fifteen fields have been established in the offshore Alabama area. Norphlet sediment was deposited in an arid environment in alluvial fans, alluvial plains, and wadis in updip areas. In downdip areas, the Norphlet was deposited in a broad desert plain, with erg development in some areas. Marine transgression, near the end of Norphlet deposition, resulted in reworking of the upper part of the Norphlet Formation. Norphlet reservoir sandstone is arkose and subarkose, consisting of a simple assemblage of three minerals, quartz, albite, and K-feldspar. The present framework grain assemblage of the Norphlet is dominantly diagenetic, owing to albitization and dissolution of feldspar. Despite the simple framework composition, the diagenetic character of the Norphlet is complex. Important authigenic minerals include carbon ate phases (calcite, dolomite, Fe-dolomite, and breunnerite), feldspar (albite and K-feldspar), evaporite minerals (anhydrite and halite), clay minerals (illite and chlorite), quartz, and pyrobitumen. The abundance and distribution of these miner als varies significantly between onshore and offshore regions of Norphlet production. The lack of sufficient internal sources of components for authigenic minerals, combined with unusual chemical compositions of chlorite (Mg-rich), breunnerite, and some minor authigenic minerals, suggests that Louann-derived fluids influenced Norphlet diagenesis. In offshore Alabama reservoirs, porosity is dominantly modified primary poros ity. Preservation of porosity in deep Norphlet reservoirs is due to a combination of factors, including a lack of sources of cement components and lack of pervasive early cement, so that fluid-flow pathways remained open during burial. Below the dominantly quartz-cemented tight zone near the top of the Norphlet, pyrobitumen is a major contributor to reduction in reservoir quality in offshore Alabama. The highest reservoir quality occurs in those wells where the present gas water contact is below the paleohydrocarbon water contact. This zone of highest reservoir quality is between the lowermost occurrence of pyrobitumen and the present gas water contact.

Kwon, H.J. - 1969 Barrier islands of the northern Gulf of Mexico coast: sediment source and development. , Louisiana State University Technical Report No. 75, Louisiana State University, Coastal Studies Institute: 51. No Abstract Avaliable

Lader, G. - 1974 A Sedimentological Investigation of Coastal Cells From Cape San Blas to Indian Pass, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. A sedimentological investigation of recent beach sand near Cape San Blas, Florida, has revealed the presence of a number of relatively stable longshore drift cells. conceptually, the coastal cell is a closed system of erosion, transport, and deposition, bounded by points at which the longshore component of wave power is zero. Between these points, a positive littoral power gradient (erosion) complements a negative power gradient (deposition). The model has made possible computer predictions of cell and "subcell" locations for the same area, the latter term implying some leakage between neighboring systems. By using near-shore bathymetry and average wave parameters to calculate power variations, this method (if accurate) is invaluable forlocal coastal erosion studies. The sense of drift within each subcell in the study area is in the direction of decreasing grain size, increasing sorting, and a decreasing percentage of unstable minerals. Curves of mean grain size, standard deviation (a measure of sorting), and heavy mineral concentrations versus distance, correlate well with each other, and with predicted subcell locations. Counts of selected features from scanning electron microscope photographs of quartz grain surfaces also correlate, showing increasing chemical solution effects downdrift. The best correlation of data has been for the mid-swash zone for an initial wave approach direction from 1800. Three well-developed subcells here suggest that this particular level is most sensitive and hence most representative of average, longer term wave conditions. Lower beach levels appear to be more or less in constant flux, and higher levels seem to be affected by particularly high tides or storms.

Lapinski, J. - 1957 The Distribution of Foraminifera of Part of the Florida Panhandle Coast. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. The shallow water of the Gulf of Mexico beyond two barrier islands south of Carrabelle, Florida, is characterized by an open-gulf foraminiferal fauna. A detailed quantitative study utilizing Schott's Foraminiferal Number reveals no correlation between the distribution of the benthonic Foraminirera and the ecologic factors of salinity, temperature, and depth of the water with in this limited area. Total populations of Foraminifera are greater where the median grain size or the sediment is fine or very fine and where limestone crops out or is covered by only a thin veneer of sediment. Evidence indicates that the food supply increases in these areas, thus accounting for the abundance of benthonic Fbraminirera. Three common arenaceous species appear to be affected by the median grain size or the bottom sediment. There is no consistent correlation between this factor or the ecology and the distribution of the other roost common species. An abundance in the Carrabelle region of species of Fbraminifera common in the West Indies and Tortugas indicates that much of the fauna was derived from the south. A number of these species are not known to have been reported west of Panama City, Florida. Evidence from investigations or the distribution or other marine organisms in this general region suggests that various hydrographic features may be effective in restricting certain species of benthonic Foraminifera to the coastal waters east of Cape San Blas. Several species of Foraminifera commonly found in deeper water in other areas of the Gulf of Mexico occur in the shallow water of the Carrabelle region.

Larsen, A. - 1958 A Heavy Mineral Analysis of Pleistocene Terrace Sands in Liberty & Wakulla Counties, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. The occurrence and distribution of heavy minerals in portions of the Pamlico and Wicomico terraces in Wakulla and Liberty counties of northwest Florida are determined. A new sampling apparatus was used to obtain samples from depths to 20 feet. This sampling apparatus utilized a water jet system which was adapted from water-well drilling equipment that is in common use in Florida .The samples were flushed out of the hole and caught in concentrically arranged buckets and tub. Four 5-foot composite samples were obtained from the bore holes. Laboratory heavy mineral analysis of the samples shows that the weight percentages of the heavy minerals are too low to be of cormnerciali interest. The range of concentration is from 0.02% to 0.64% with a mean of 0. 22% .The minerals" in order of their decreasing abundance are: ilmenite-magnetite, kyanite, rutile, zircon, staurolite, sillimanite, leucoxene, tourmaline, limonite, pyrite, monazite, some unidentified minerals which are probably sulfides, garnet, collophane and hornblende. Multivariate analysis of variance is used to evaluate the heavy mineral member percentages. Comparison of data obtained from the Okefenokee and Wicomico terrace mineral suites shows that the heavy mineral suites of the two terraces are statistically homogeneous and, therefore, cannot be distinguished by these means in the by this investigation. The heavy mineral analysis shows that the Wicomico bar and the Wicomico flat can be differentiated on the basis of quantity, that is, the amount of heavy minerals is less than the amount present on the Wicomico flat. The analysis of variance, however, shows that the Wicomico bar cannot be distinguished from the Wicomico flat on the basis of variability of the heavy mineral suites. The data of this paper tend to support the theory that heavy minerals are more concentrated in the transition zone between terraces than in the terrace proper.

Law Engineering Testing Company - 1979 Grain Size Distributions (Sieve analysis) Captiva Beach Nourishment Program Letco Job Number JG-2736 , Tetra-Tech, Inc. Jacksonville Florida

Lawrence, M.A. - 1974 The submerged forests of the Panama City, Florida, area: a paleoenvironmental interpretation. , unpubl. MS thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville (Geology), 122 p. No Abstract Avaliable

Lidz, B.H. -

Shinn, E.A. - 1991 Paleoshorelines, reefs, and a rising sea: South Florida. , South Florida, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research 7(1): 203-229. The porous limestone bedrock, thin sediment cover, and tectonic stability of the Florida Platform during the past 15 ka BP provide an exceptionally suitable setting for reconstruction of paleoshorelines and onshore projection of future shorelines in a rising-sea scenario. Paleoshorelines for 8, 6, 4 and 2 ka BP show that (1) a series of limestone islands formed, then drowned, along the outer platform; (2) a distinct trough, called Hawk Channel, separated the outer islands from shore; (3) the lower Keys flooded earlier and more rapidly than the rest of the Keys; and (4) Florida Bay and tidal passes through the middle Keys into the bay developed within the past 4 ka BP. During the Quaternary, topographic highs were preferential sites for coral growth. Bathed by clear oceanic waters, reefs near the platform flourished. As sea level rose, reefs developed on the platform margin and were gradually displaced to more shoreward bedrock highs. Upon platform flooding, water quality deteriorated and reef luxuriance diminished.

Lin, P.P. -

Sasso, R.H. - 1997 Regional beach restoration plan for three consecutive barrier islands in South Florida. , TALLAHASSEE, FL, FLORIDA SHORE AND BEACH PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION: 290-303. A beach restoration management plan is developed for a region spanning three consecutive barrier islands and two inlets in South Florida. This region located within Dade County, encompasses the barrier islands of Fisher Island, Virginia Key, Key Biscayne, and two inlets, Norris Cut and Bear Cut. Identification of future project needs for each of the separate barrier islands, is developed based on the evaluation of past performance of beach restoration projects and the study of the physical processes affecting each island. A regional approach is recommended towards developing cost effective solutions for the long-term management of both beaches and adjacent inlets.

Locker, S.D. -

Hine, A.C. -

Brooks, G.R. - 2003 Regional stratigraphic framework linking continental shelf and coastal sedimentary deposits of west-central Florida , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 351-378 A regional study of the Holocene sequence onlapping the west-central Florida Platform was undertaken to merge our understanding of the barrier-island system with that of the depositional history of the adjacent inner continental shelf. Key objectives were to better understand the sedimentary processes, sediment accumulation patterns, and the history of coastal evolution during the post-glacial sea-level rise. In the subsurface, deformed limestone bedrock is attributed to mid-Cenozoic karstic processes. This stratigraphic interval is truncated by an erosional surface, commonly exposed, that regionally forms the base of the Holocene section. The Holocene section is thin and discontinuous and, north or south of the Tampa Bay area, is dominated by low-relief sand-ridge morphologies. Depositional geometries tend to be more sheet-like nearshore, and mounded or ridge-like offshore. Sand ridges exhibit 0.5?4 m of relief, with ridge widths on the order of 1 km and ridge spacing of a few kilometers. The central portion of the study area is dominated nearshore by a contiguous sand sheet associated with the Tampa Bay ebb-tidal delta. Sedimentary facies in this system consist mostly of redistributed siliciclastics, local carbonate production, and residual sediments derived from erosion of older strata. Hardground exposures are common throughout the study area. Regional trends in Holocene sediment thickness patterns are strongly correlated to antecedent topographic control. Both the present barrier-island system and thicker sediment accumulations offshore correlate with steeper slope gradients of the basal Holocene transgressive surface. Proposed models for coastal evolution during the Holocene transgression suggest a spatial and temporal combination of back-stepping barrier-island systems combined with open-marine, low-energy coastal environments. The present distribution of sand resources reflects the reworking of these earlier deposits by the late Holocene inner-shelf hydraulic regime.

Locker, S.D. -

Brooks, G.R. -

Hine, A.C. -

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Twichell, D.C. -

Hafen, M. - 1999 Compilation of geophysical and sedimentological data sets for West-Central Florida Coastal Studies Project , USGS Open File Report OF 99-0539

Locker, S.D. -

Hine, A.C. -

Brooks, G.R. -

Doyle, L.J. -

Blake, N.J. -

Guy, K. -

Suthard, B. - 1999 Anclote Keys area side scan sonar imagery map , USGS Open File Report OF 99-0442

Locker, S.D. -

Doyle, L.J. - 1992 Neogene to Recent stratigrpahy and depositional regimes of the northwest Florida inner continental shelf. , Marine Geology 104: 123-138. No Abstract Avaliable

Locker, S.D. -

Hine, A.C. - 1996 Magnitude and timing of episodic sea-level rise during the last deglaciation. , A succession of elevated ridge deposits on the south Florida margin was mapped using high-resolution seismic and side-scan sonar imaging in water depths ranging from 50 to 124 m. The ridges are interpreted to be subtidal shoal complexes and paleoshorelines (eolian dune or beach) formed during the last sea-level transgression. Oolitic and skeletal grainstones and mixed skeletal-peloidal-ooid packstones were recovered using a research submersible. All of the grains are of shallow-water or intertidal origin, and both marine and nonmarine cements were identified. Formation and preservation of these features are attributed to episodic and rapid changes in the rate of the deglacial sea-level rise at the onset of the termination 1A delta (super 18) O excursion. This high-resolution record of sea-level change appears to be related to deglacial processes operating on submillennial time scales and supports increasing evidence of rapid episodic fluctuations in ice volume, climate, and ocean-circulation patterns during glacial-interglacial transitions.

Ludwig, K.R. -

Muhs, D.R. - 1996 Sea level records at ~80 ka from tectonically stable platforms: Florida and Bermuda. , Geology 24: 211-214 No Abstract Avaliable

Lynch-Blosse, M.A. - 1977 Inlet sedimentation at Dunedin and Hurricane Passes, Pinellas County, Florida , Geology Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FI, 170 p. # J30-0774

Macrae, G. -

Watkins, J.S. - 1993 Basin Architecture, Salt Tectonics, and Upper Jurassic Structural Styles, Desoto Canyon Salt Basin, Northeastern Gulf- of-Mexico. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 77(10): 1809-1824. Despite awareness of the importance of continental extension during rifting, there are few quantitative studies that show the influence of crustal extension on basin architecture, the distribution of salt, and Late Jurassic sedimentation in the DeSoto Canyon Salt basin, northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Application of simplified isostatic principles using a lithospheric buoyancy model allow quantification of total tectonic subsidence, crust thickness, crustal extension, and crust type. Interpretation of over 4800 km of migrated multifold seismic reflection profiles and well data, integrated with computed isostatic relations, provide the basis to characterize Middle Jurassic (Callovian-age) salt halokinetic processes and to describe the structural development of overlying Upper Jurassic strata. An average crustal thickness of 25 km and crustal extension beta values between 1.4 and 1.8 suggest the sedimentary succession is underlain by moderately stretched and attenuated continental crust. The widespread distribution and geometry of dipping subsalt reflectors, particularly in the shelfal areas, provide evidence for a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic phase of rifting prior to deposition of Middle Jurassic salt. The distribution of autochthonous salt and the overlying Upper Jurassic sediments reflect the presalt structural imprint and suggest that the basic architecture of the basin was established by the Middle Jurassic following significant attenuation of the crust. Although deposition occurred in a slowly subsiding, stable marginal setting, salt movement and associated growth faulting are the most significant tectonic elements affecting the stratigraphic and structural development of the overlying strata. Faults related to growth of salt structures root at the base of salt in what appears to be a common detachment or decollement for salt movement. The original distribution of salt is widespread and sheetlike with an estimated minimum thickness of 760 m. Progressive basinward

Macrae, G. -

Watkins, J.S. - 1995 Early Mesozoic Rift Stage Half Graben Formation beneath the Desoto Canyon Salt Basin, Northeastern Gulf-of-Mexico. , Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 100(B9): 17795-17812. Multifold seismic reflection data provide the basis for recognition of an offshore Late Triassic-Early Jurassic half graben complex beneath the DeSoto Canyon salt basin (DSCSB) along the northeastern Gulf Of Mexico margin. The base of salt or equivalent (BSE) surface is a prominent unconformity recognized throughout the DSCSB that is mostly overlain and onlapped by extensive Middle Jurassic (Callovian age?) premarine evaporites (Louann salt and equivalents) and younger sedimentary rocks. Widespread dipping subsalt reflectors, truncated by the BSE, are the seismic expression of an interpreted thick section of synrift strata deposited within a half graben. The half graben probably overlies older prerift Paleozoic (and Precambrian?) sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks and widens basinward about a NE-SW axis. Stratigraphic onlap relationships of subsalt reflectors close to the BSE surface suggest a lacustrine sequence may be present in the uppermost section of the rift fill; similar deposits occur within synrift strata below Aptian salt along the rifted West African margin. A NE-ENE striking normal slip boundary fault beneath the Mississippi-Alabama-Florida (MAFLA) shelf area and the inferred NW-SE oriented Florida-Bahamas transfer fault along the eastern margin of the DSCSB approximate the updip limit of rift fill. Trends of these structural lineaments and overall half graben morphology ate similar to those of the South Georgia basin, a buried onshore early Mesozoic graben complex in northern Florida and southern Georgia, and the trend of exposed Triassic-Jurassic continental rife basins along eastern North America. Structural architecture of the DSCSB half graben is consistent with NW-SE rift phase extension during the early Mesozoic opening of the Gulf of Mexico.

Macrae, G. -

Watkins, J.S. - 1992 Evolution of the Destin Dome, Offshore Florida, North-Eastern Gulf of Mexico. , Marine and Petroleum Geology 9(5): 501-509. Structural and stratigraphic relationships indicated by seismic reflection data suggest that uplift of the Destin Dome anticline resulted mainly from salt movement during Late Cretaceous to Early Cenozoic time. A thick succession of Lower Cretaceous sediment was deposited in the central part of the basin seaward of the present day Destin Dome. Sediment loading squeezed the salt both updip onto the shelf and downdip into the basin. A step in the pre-salt basement limited movement of salt and controlled the location of the dome. Vertical movement of salt was accommodated by extensional faulting. During the Early Cenozoic, sediment touchdown onto the pre-salt basement formed a salt weld between the anticline and the De Soto Canyon diapir field, cut off the supply of salt and stopped growth of the structure. The minimum accumulation thickness of the 'mother'salt is estimated to be 760 m and the original volume of salt deposited at the present day location of the Destin Dome anticline on the Florida shelf is estimated to be 1000 km3. The volume of salt in place today is in excess of 2300 kM3.

Macrae, G. - 1991 Salt Tectonism in the Destin Dome Region, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. , AAPG Bulletin 75(3): 627-627. No Abstract Avaliable

Martin, R.G. - 1978 Northern and eastern Gulf of Mexico continental margin: stratigraphic and structural framework. , Framework, facies, and oil-trapping characteristics of the upper continental margin: 21-42. No Abstract Avaliable

Martin, R.G. -

Bouma, A.H. - 1978 Physiography of Gulf of Mexico. , Physiography of Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico covers an area of >1,500,000 sq km, has a maximum depth of about 3,700 m, and includes many of the geomorphic features of large oceans. The continental shelf, slope, rise, and abyssal plain comprise the major physiographic provinces of the gulf and contain a variety of subprovinces distinguished by topographic character and geomorphic history. The gulf shelf is a relatively smooth, gently sloping surface marked locally by low-relief features formed by sea-level fluctuation during the Pleistocene, reef growth, near-surface movement of diapiric salt and mud, and faulting. Shelf width varies from about 280 km off the Florida and Yucatan Peninsulas to <10 km at the Mississippi Delta. The continental slope consists of a considerable variety of physiographic subprovinces and individual features that encircle the deep gulf floor. The distinctive subprovinces of the gulf slope have evolved in response to reef building and constructional sedimentation on the Florida and Yucatan carbonate platforms; erosion, nondeposition, slumping, and faulting in the Straits of Florida and Yucatan Channel; salt diapirism and differential sedimentation in the region off Texas and Louisiana; the large accumulation of mainly Pleistocene sediment on a former continental slope seaward of the Mississippi Delta; tectonic uplift and diapirism in the Golfo de Campeche; and shale mobilization off eastern Mexico. In contrast to the greatly varied, irregular topography of the continental slope, the deep seafloor of the gulf (composed of continental rise and abyssal plain provinces) is an almost featureless plain smoothed by turbidite and pelagic sedimentation and marked locally by low-relief knolls, sedimentary aprons, and small-leveed channels.

McArthur, D.S. - 1977 Sand transportation in coastal environments as determined from analysis of grain size curves. , Geoscience and Man 18: 69-80. No Abstract Avaliable

McArthur, D.S. - 1971 Grain size distributions of beach sands from Shell Island, Florida; analysis and interpretation. , No Abstract Avaliable

McBride, R.A. -

Byrnes, M.R. - 1997 Late Quaternary stratigraphic architecture of a sand-rich shelf and the origin of linear shoals; northeastern Gulf of Mexico. , Conference American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention, Dallas, TX: 79. The late-Quaternary geology of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf between Mobile Bay, Alabama and Pensacola Bay, Florida was investigated using 48 vibracores, 3,000 line-km of high-resolution seismic data, 47 (super 14) C dates, and biostratigraphic identifications. Major shelf features include: (1) shore-oblique sand ridges; (2) shore-parallel, linear sand shoals, and (3) shelf-edge deltas. This study focuses on the stratigraphic signature and depositional history of the last rise of eustatic sea level within a sequence stratigraphic framework. Six primary lithofacies and two erosional surfaces characterize the shelf deposits. Facies I is a Pleistocene soil horizon. Facies 1 is truncated by a major erosional unconformity formed by subaerial exposure during the last sea level fail (Type 1 sequence boundary) and the bay ravinement process (first flooding surface) during the subsequent post-glacial rise. The erosional unconformity is overlain by fine-grained estuarine deposits represented by Facies 2, 3 or 4 (lower transgressive systems tract [TST]). The lower TST is truncated by a shoreface ravinement diastem (second flooding surface). The diastem is overlain by a graded shell-bed (Facies 5) dominated by marine mollusks that were concentrated at the base of shoreface. Facies 5 grades into Facies 6, which is a fine to coarse quartz sand with open marine foraminifera. Facies 6 typically fines upward and represents a shelf sand sheet. Together, Facies 5 and 6 are up to 5.5 m thick and characterize the upper TST. The morphostratigraphy of the linear shoals consists of post-transgressive deposits because: (1) the foraminiferal and molluscan assemblages are dominated by open, shallow-marine species, and (2) the deposits lie above the shoreface ravinement diastem. However, the linear form and orientation of the shoals are dictated by the underlying transgressive topography (i.e., escarpments) that was cut into the Pleistocene substrate contemporaneous with sea level rise. Hence, the upper TST is completely reactivated by storm processes and it drapes the transgressive topography. No in-situ or degraded barrier deposits are found.

McBride, R.A. - 1997 Seafloor Morphology, Geologic Framework, and Sedimentary Processes of a Sand-rich Shelf Offshore Alabama and Northwest Florida: Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. , Late-Pleistocene and Holocene geology of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf offshore Alabama and northwest Florida was investigated using 38 vibracores, 47 radiocarbon dates, foraminiferal and macrofauna assemblages, and bathymetry data. The morphologic and stratigraphic signatures of the last rise of eustatic sea level was examined along a passive continental margin. Major shelf features include shore-oblique sand ridges, mid-shelf linear shoals, and shelf- edge deltas. Surficial shelf sediments consist of >90% sand, <2.7% mud, and <2% granules and fine in a westerly direction from a medium to fine sand. The sharp boundary that demarcates these two sand types (Apalachicola and Mobile subprovinces) was identified for the first time in this study. Six facies and two erosional surfaces characterize shelf stratigraphy. Facies 1 is a Pleistocene soil horizon. This facies is truncated by a major erosional unconformity (Type 1 sequence boundary) created by subaerial exposure during the last sea level lowstand and the bay ravinement process during the ensuing transgression. Fine-grained estuarine deposits (Facies 2, 3, or 4 (lower transgressive systems tract)) overlie the unconformity. Facies 3 and 4 are truncated by a shoreface ravinement diastem (flooding surface) and overlain by a marine shell-bed (Facies 5; lower shoreface). Facies 5 grades into Facies 6, a quartz sand with marine foraminifera. Facies 5 and 6 comprise the upper transgressive systems tract (up to 5.5 m thick). Compared to a eustatic sea level curve, mollusk dates from estuarine shell beds show a time-transgressive trend, whereas marine shell beds are time-averaged. Transgressive and post-transgressive processes (strong cold fronts, tropical cyclones) concentrate marine mollusks above the shoreface ravinement diastem. Consequently, linear shoals are not in-situ or degraded barriers because marine species dominate the foraminiferal and molluscan assemblages, and deposits lie above shoreface ravinement

McBride, R.A. -

Anderson, L.C. - 1999 Holocene stratigraphic architecture of a sand-rich shelf and the origin of linear shoals; northeastern Gulf of Mexico. , Society for Sedimentary Geology 64: 95-126. Late Pleistocene and Holocene geology of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf offshore Alabama and northwest Florida was investigated using 47 vibracores, foraminiferal and macrofaunal assemblages, and bathymetric data. The morphologic and stratigraphic signatures of the last rise of eustatic sea level were examined along this passive continental margin characterized by low subsidence. Major shelf features include shore-oblique sand ridges, mid-shelf linear shoals, and shelf-edge deltas. Surficial shelf sediments consist of >90% sand, <2.7% mud, and <2% granules and fine in a westerly direction from medium to fine sand. The sharp boundary that separates these two surficial sand types (Apalachicola and Mobile subprovinces) is identified for the first time in this study. Six facies and two erosional surfaces characterize the shelf stratigraphy. Facies 1 is a Pleistocene soil horizon. This facies is truncated by a major erosional unconformity (Type 1 sequence boundary [SB]) that was created by subaerial exposure during the last sea-level lowstand and during the bay ravinement process (flooding surface [FS]) of the ensuing transgression (FS/SB). Fine-grained estuarine deposits (Facies 2, 3, or 4 [lower transgressive systems tract]) overlie the unconformity. Facies 3 or 4 are truncated by a shoreface ravinement diastem (flooding surface) and are overlain by a marine shell-bed (Facies 5; lower shoreface). Facies 5 grades into Facies 6, a quartz sand with open marine foraminifera that represents a shelf sand sheet. Facies 5 and 6 comprise the upper transgressive systems tract, which is up to 5.5 m thick. The mid-shelf is characterized by two long (30-120 km), narrow (<6 km), shore-parallel to subparallel sand shoals that average 4 m thick. North Perdido Shoal is located 15-25 km offshore at the 20-25-m isobath, whereas South Perdido Shoal lies 20-70 km offshore at approximately the 35-m isobath. Both shoals trend southwest-northeast. The linear shoals are not in situ or degraded barriers (Stubblefield et al., 1984a, b), offshore shelfridge (bar) complexes (Tillman and Martinsen, 1984, 1987; Gaynor and Swift, 1988), or lowstand/transgressive incised shoreface deposits (Bergman, 1994; Walker and Wiseman, 1995) because the sediments that comprise the shoals lie above the shoreface ravinement diastem, and open marine species dominate the foraminiferal and molluscan assemblages. Although shelf morphology is similar to modern barrier island geomorphology, shelf morphostratigraphy is related to transgressive and post-transgressive processes. Shoal form and orientation are dictated by underlying transgressive topography (escarpments) that was cut into the Pleistocene substrate during the post-glacial transgression. During transgression, erosional shoreface retreat produced a trailing sand sheet that draped the transgressive topography. Consequently, 1) the linear nature of the shoals is derived from their formation along the shoreface (i.e., depositional strike) at lower stands of sea level during an overall transgression; 2) sediment transport from the present shoreline across the shelf appears to have little influence on shoal development; 3) the interplay between relative sea-level changes and sediment supply caused translation of the shoreface profile, thus dictating the position of the linear shoals; and 4) post-transgressive reworking and subaqueous landward migration in response to storm processes are integral parts of shoal evolution.

McBride, R.A. -

Byrnes, M.R. - 1996 Shelf sedimentary facies offshore southwestern Alabama and western Florida Panhandle; northeastern Gulf of Mexico. , AAPG Bulletin 80(9): 1509. Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf were examined using 48 vibracores, X-ray radiography, grain-size analysis, and macrofaunal and foraminifera identifications. The facies succession is similar throughout the study area. The composite section is characterized by five facies and two erosional unconfommities. These preserved facies and surfaces reflect the stratigraphic signature of the last major fall and rise of eustatic sea level. At the base, Facies 1 is a yellowish, burnt orange and grey, massive to highly bioturbated, dense, oxidized clayey quartz sand (Pleistocene soil horizon) that is capped by a distinct erosional unconformity. The unconformity is overlain by Facies 2 or Facies 3. Facies 2 is a tan clayey sandy silt to silty fine quartz sand with subtle bioturbation and characterized by an estuarine foraminiferal assemblage. Commonly incorporated at the base of Facies 2 are well-developed, yellowish burnt orange and grey rip-up clasts (3X6 cm) and/or a low abundance of matrix supported, estuarine mollusks. The thickness of this facies ranges from 0.2 to 1.0 m. In contrast, Facies 3 is a dark grey clay with subtle bioturbation throughout but only a few distinct burrows. The base of this facies can contain well-preserved estuarine mollusks. This unit also includes thin (1-5 cm) shelly fine-to-medium quartz sand layers interlaminated within the clay. Facies 3 ranges from <1 to 4 m thick. Both Facies 2 and 3 are truncated by another distinct erosional unconformity (shoreface ravinement surface). Facies 4 is a well-developed shell bed containing a primarily shallow-marine molluscan assemblage. The shell bed is up to 0.50 m thick with fine-to-medium quartz sand matrix and some quartz granules and pebbles. In addition, many shell beds are graded with large (up to 6 cm) bioclasts crudely stratified at the base which fine upward into horizontally laminated to massive, shelly (<0.25 cm) fine-to-medium quartz sands. As shell content decreases upward, Facies 4 grades into Facies 5, which is a tan, massive to horizontally laminated, fine-to-coarse quartz sand (0.13 to 0.95 mm) containing open-marine foraminifera and scattered shell fragments (MAFLA sand sheet). Vertical grain size trends for Facies 5 typically fine upward or show no trend. Total thickness of Facies 5 ranges from 2 to 5.5 m.

McBride, R.A. -

Byrnes, M.R. - 1996 Holocene and late Pleistocene sedimentary facies of a sand-rich continental shelf; a standard section for the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. , Transactions - Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 46: 287-299. No Abstract Avaliable

McFarland, S. -

Whitcombe, L. - 1994 Recent shingle beach renourishment schemes in the UK: Some preliminary observations. , Ocean and Coastal Management 25(2): 143-149. Experience gained during shingle beach replenishment from offshore sources is described. Schemes undertaken along the Southern coastline of England reveal that the presence of fine-grained material in the sediments can lead to the formation of a more compact beach which has a lower permeability. This (generally) leads to the formation of a hard vertical face around high water mark as opposed to a mobile beach crest. Such features could reduce the sea defence and amenity values of beach replenishment schemes.

Mehta, A.J. -

Zeh, T.A. - 1980 Influence of a small inlet in a large bay. , Coastal Engineering 4: 157-176. No Abstract Avaliable

Milton, J. - 1958 The Distribution of Recent Foraminifera South of St. George Island, Florida. , Thirty-eight equal-volume samples of Recent sediments from the shallow water of the Gulf of Mexico south of St. George Island, Florida, yielded 62 species of Foraminifera. Open-gulf forms are typical of the area. The data are evaluated statistically. There is no evident correlation between Foraminiferal number and calcium carbonate percentage or median grain size. A significant difference is found between the present area and an area 15 miles to the northeast by the distribution of certain individual species which are Disoorbis concinnus, Elphidium gunteri, Quinqueloculina lmarkiana, and Streblus beocarii. Elphidium gunteri and Quinquelooulina lamarkiana are most common in the St. George Island area, the others in the Dog Island area.

Missimer, T.M. - 2001 Siliclastic facies Belt formation and the late Oligocene to middle Miocene partial drowning of the southern Florida Platform , AAPG Bulletin, v. 85, n. 9, p. 1705

Missimer, T.M. - 1973 The depositional history of Sanibel Island, Florida , Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 121-p. #2237

Missimer, T.M. - 1973 Growth rates of beach ridges on Sanibel Island, Florida , Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, v. 23, p. 383-388

Mitchum, R.M. - 1978 Seismic stratigraphic investigation of west Florida slope, Gulf of Mexico. Framework, facies, and oil-trapping characteristics of the upper continental margin. , Framework, facies, and oil-trapping characteristics of the upper continental margin: 193-223. No Abstract Avaliable

Moore, B.D. - 1994 A solution to downdrift inlet effects on Knight Island, Florida , Alternative Technologies in Beach Preservation, Proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, p. 389-412. # JD18-389

Moore, B.D. - 1995 Knight Island beach restoration project hydrographic monitoring report #1 , Humiston and Moore, Engineers, Naples, FL, 7 p.

Morton, R.A. -

Paine, J.G. - 2000 Responses of Stable Bay-Margin and Barrier-Island Systems to Holocene Sea-Level Highstands, Western Gulf of Mexico. , Journal of Sedimentary Research 70(3): 478-490. No Abstract Avaliable

Morton, R.A. -

Suter, J.R. - 1999 Sequence stratigraphy and composition of late Quaternary shelf-margin deltas, northern Gulf of Mexico. , Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 17: 2-3. High-resolution seismic profiles and foundation borings from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico record the physical attributes and depositional histories of several late Quaternary sequences that were deposited by wave-modified, river-dominated shelf-margin deltas during successive periods of lowered sea level. Each progressively younger deltaic sequence is thinner and exhibits a systematic decrease in the abundance and concentration of sand, which is attributed to a shift in the axis of trunk streams and greater structural influence through time. Our study shows that (1) contemporaneous structural deformation controlled the thickness of each sequence, the oblique directions of delta progradation, the axes of major fluvial channels, and the geometries of delta lobes at the shelf margin, (2) sedimentation was rapid in response to rapid eustatic fluctuations and structural influence, (3) boundaries of these high-frequency sequences are the correlative conformities of updip fluvial incision, and coincide with downlap surfaces at the shelf margin, (4) the downlap surfaces are not true surfaces, but zones of parallel reflections that become progressively higher and younger in the direction of progradation, (5) the downlap zones are composed of marine muds that do not contain high concentrations of shell debris that would be expected in condensed sections, (6) possible paleosols capping the two oldest sequences are regressive surfaces of subaerial exposure that were preserved during transgressions, and (7) no incised valleys or submarine canyons breach the paleoshelf margin, even though incised drainages were present updip and sea-level curves indicate several periods of rapid fall.

Mullins, A. - 1959 A Study of Marine Terrigenous sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. An area of 45 square miles was sampled south of St. George Island in the Gulf of Mexico with a total of 38 samples being obtained. This area has an undulatins bottom due to a series of ridges and troughs trending approximately east and west across it. Differences were found in the terrigenous sediments taken from the ridges when compared with those obtained from the troughs on either side of them. These sediments on the ridges had a smaller median grain size and better sorting than the material in the adjacent troughs or lows. The CaCO3 percentage was also lower in those locations. However, the terrigenous sediment on the ridges was not found to be statistically different from that found in the troughs for the area as a whole. Fourteen varieties of heavy minerals were identified in the area. The suite present is indicative of a high rank metamorphic source area. Two authigenic varieties were found. The data from the present area were compared statistically using the median test with the previously examined eastern area of Dog Island. This eastern area has an even profile typical of off-bar areas. The median grain size or the terrigenous sediments was found to be significantly different at the 5 percent level between the two areas with the eastern area having coarser material. Obvious differences between the two areas are the presence of heavy minerals in measureable amounts in the area off St. George Island as opposed to only a trace off Dog Island; and the presence of bed rock in the eastern area whereas none was found in the western area.

Nelson, H.F. -

Bray, E.E. - 1970 Stratigraphy and history of the Holocene sediments in Sabine-High Island area, Gulf of Mexico. , SEPM Special Publication 15.in J. P. Morgan Ed. Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society for Sedimentary Geology: 48-77.. No Abstract Avaliable

Neurauter, T.W. - 1979 Bedforms on the west Florida shelf as detected with side scan sonar , University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 144 p. No Abstract Avaliable

Newman, W.S. -

Pardi, R.R. - 1987 Some Considerations of the Compilation of Late Quaternary Sea Level Change: A North American Prospective. , Kluwer Academic Publishers: 207-208. No Abstract Avaliable

Newman, W.S. -

M.L.F. - 1984 The trouble with sea level. , International Symposium on Late Quaternary Sea Level and Coastal Evolution, Mar del Plata, Argentina: 4. No Abstract Avaliable

Obrochta, S.P. -

Duncan, D.S. -

Brooks, G.R. - 2003 Hardbottom development and significance to the sediment-starved west-central Florida inner continental shelf , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 291-306 Hardbottoms are sequence boundaries and condensed sections that offer clues for the interpretation of the incomplete record of Tertiary continental shelf evolution. Seaward of 5 km, 50% of the inner west-central Florida shelf seafloor is flat hardbottom. These lithified surfaces are punctuated by shorefacing, scarped hardbottoms that trend shore-parallel (330??0?) and vary in relief (up to 4 m). Scarped hardbottoms are the only natural relief on the inner shelf and support a diverse benthic community, the activities of which erode the outcrops, producing undercuts in excess of 1 m. Outcropping hardbottom strata are comprised of distinct, phosphate-rich, mixed carbonate?siliciclastic lithofacies, that range in age from Miocene to Quaternary. Miocene units are dolomite-rich and mark the upper surface of the inner shelf bedrock (Hawthorn Group). Dolomite within these beds (silt-sized, cloudy centered rhombs) fall into two age groups, correlating with highstands at 15 and 5 Ma. This lithofacies is consistent with models that indicate an increased flux of organic matter ? resulting from topographically induced upwelling ? promoting dolomitization during early burial diagenesis in the sulfate-reduction zone. Quaternary units are calcite-rich and perched atop the shelf bedrock. Samples of these units record a complex diagenetic history and multiple sea-level fluctuations. Based on evidence of primary marine cementation, they are interpreted to be hardground (non-deposition) surfaces, forming as a function of sediment starvation and minimal sediment movement. Decreased highstand magnitude or duration may have resulted in the absence of a significant organic component to Quaternary hardbottoms, which, in turn, may prevent subsequent dolomitization. These outcrops are a potential source for sediments to the inner shelf, not only as habitat for biological sediment production, but also through their destruction. The undercut, shorefacing, scarped hardbottom morphology displayed by west-central Florida hardbottoms is indicative of bio-erosion. Preliminary studies indicate a potential mass of 0.04 kg m-2 yr-1 of siliciclastic sediment is released to the inner shelf.

Ocean Research & Survey - 1980 Final Report Hollywood-Hallandale Dredge Monitoring Study , Ocean Research & Survey No Abstract Avaliable

Olsen & Associates - 1989 Sand Source Analyses for Beach Restoration Brevard County , Olsen & Associates No Abstract Available

Olsen & Associates - 1994 Sedimentary Characteristics of 1992/1993 Nearshore Disposal Operation-Port Canaveral , Olsen & Associates No Abstract Available

Olsen & Associates - 1992 Draft Port Canaveral Inlet Management Plan. Jacksonville , Olsen & Associates No Abstract Available

Olsen Associates - 1993 Fisher Island, Florida - Beach Restoration Physical Monitoring Report , Olsen Associates No Abstract Avaliable

Olsen, E. - 1987 Beach management plan for Charlotte County , Olsen and Associates, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida. #398

Olsen, E.J. - 1982 South Seas Plantation beach improvement project. , Shore and Beach, 50(1), 6-10

Osmond, J.K. -

Carpenter, J.R. - 1965 Th-230/U-234 age of the Pleistocene corals and oolites of Florida. , Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 77, p. 1843-1847. No Abstract Avaliable

Osmond, J.K. -

May, J.P. - 1970 Age of Cape Kennedy and barrier lagoon complex. , Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 75, p. 469-474. No Abstract Avaliable

Donoghue, J.F. -

Otvos, E.G. -

Stapor, F.W. - 1995 Multiple Pliocene-Quaternary marine highstands northeast Gulf Coastal Plain -- fallacies and facts. , Journal of Coastal Research 11(4): 984-1002. Claims persist in the literature alleging multiple pre-Sangamonian Pleistocene, mid-Wisconsinan, middle and late Holocene marine highstands on the northeast Gulf coastal plain. These views, still encountered even in official publications are rooted in the assumed similarity between Atlantic and northeast Gulf coastal history. A critical re-examination of the evidence is based on detailed sedimentary, microfossil, and geomorphic data from hundreds of drillholes and field sampling. Sediment data were matched with basic diagnostic criteria of depositional facies. Deposits and landforms that developed during the peak of Sangamonian transgression yielded the only evidence for higher-than-present Quaternary sea levels on the northeast Gulf. Pre-Sangamonian marine units are absent in the subsurface and not exposed in coastal plain surfaces. Post-Pliocene uplift and erosion had removed littoral and nearshore units from the northeast coastal plain. Upland ridges, mistaken for relict barriers, are elongated, high interfluves. Composed of alluvial deposits, they are bounded by semiparallel lineaments of apparently tectonic origin and incised by stream erosion. Combined with lineaments, rare covered karst depressions on a late Pleistocene alluvial plain provide the slight relief of subdued linear features that had been mistaken for relict barrier islands, associated with multiple Pleistocene highstands. Claims for wide Holocene sea level oscillations and record highstands rest on the belief, unsupported by reliable sediment data, that the upper ridge lithosomes were essentially wave-built, intertidal and directly correlatable with sea level positions. However, the ridge morphology and dimensions clearly indicate the foredune origins of discussed Florida Gulf shore strandplain ridges. Cited texture parameters and sedimentary structure types also fail to lend independent diagnostic support to the intertidal origins of the highest beach ridge intervals. Wave-cut scarps and associated supratidal narrow terraces yield no independent proof for the postulated high eustatic Holocene sea levels.

Otvos, E.G. - 1982 Santa Rosa Island Florida panhandle: origins of a composite barrier island. , Southeastern Geology 23: 15-23. No Abstract Avaliable

PBS&J - 1989 1989 Management Plan Port of Fort Pierce. Miami , PBS&J No Abstract Available

Parker, N.E. - 1968 A sedimentologic study of Perdido Bay and adjacent offshore environments. , Department of Geology. Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University: 57. No Abstract Avaliable

Parker, N.E. - 1979 Weir jetties - their continuing evolution. , Shore and Beach 47(15-19). No Abstract Avaliable

Paull, C.K. -

Dillon, W.P. - 1980 Structure, stratigraphy, and geologic history of Florida-Hatteras shelf and inner Blake plateau. , AAPG Bulletin 64(3): 339-358. This study is based on seismic reflection profiles and correlation with data from offshore wells and dredge hauls. Regional unconformities have been mapped. Two styles of sedimentary accumulation have been active: (1) platform upbuilding and (2) platform outbuilding or progradation of the shelf. In post-Albian time, the area became a marine province, and sediment accumulated on a level platform. During the Santonian-Coniacian a shelf prograded seaward across this platform, but during the Campanian, Maestrichtian, and Paleocene, deposition on a level plateau resumed. Paleocene strata are deeply eroded in the subsurface, and this may mark the initial appearance of the Gulf Stream. During the Eocene and Oligocene, another wedge of shelf sediments prograded across the plateau but was interrupted at the end of the Oligocene by erosion. A progradational wedge of Miocene to Holocene age covers the unconformity at the base of the Miocene. Accumulation of post-Paleocene sediment at the foot of the Florida-Hatteras Slope and seaward on the Blake Plateau has been very slow, owing to a reduction in sediment supply and erosion by the Gulf Stream. Tertiary isopach maps suggest a triangular depocenter under the Florida-Georgia Shelf. The margins coincide with magnetic anomalies, and it is suggested that the basin is related to differential subsidence across older crustal structures during the Tertiary.

Pelet, R. -

Deroo, G. - 1983 Towards a sedimentology of organic matter. , Organic matter is a normal component of sedimentary rocks. Even though it is usually in a low amount, its study gives valuable information especially in the field of (paleo) ecology. This study must be integrated in a complete investigation of the mineral components of the rocks; thus it will be possible to reconstruct sedimentary processes, then environments, and finally paleo-geography. This is how we can refer to a sedimentology organic matter.

Penland, S. -

Suter, J.R. -

Boyd, R. -

Williams, S.J. - 1990 Effects of sea level rise on river delta coasts. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 74: 738. No Abstract Avaliable

Phlegar, W.S. - 1989 Performance Prediction of Beach Nourishment Projects , Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Department, University of Florida

Pirazzoli, P.A. - 1991 World Atlas of Holocene Sea Level Changes. , Amsterdam, Elsevier: 300. No Abstract Avaliable

Staiger, J. -

Poff, M. - 1996 Personal Communication , Coastal Manager Pinellas County

Poppe, L.J. -

Commeau, J.A. - 1995 Silt fraction heavy-mineral distributions in surficial sediments off the Southeastern United States. , Geological Society of America 27(6): 202. No Abstract Avaliable

Porter, L. - 1996 $2.2 million facelift on tap for Upham Beach , The Tampa Tribune, May 4, 1996, Tampa, Florida

Prather, B.E. - 1992 Evolution of a Late Jurassic Carbonate Evaporite Platform, Conecuh Embayment, Northeastern Gulf-Coast. , AAPG Bulletin 76(2): 164-190. Successive time-slice lithofacies maps of the Smackover /Haynesville depositional sequence, constrained by marker beds, an interpreted maximum flooding surface, and interpreted sequence boundaries, show an onlapping and retrograding sequence of lithologies characteristic of a transgressive systems tract (TST). The TST is followed by several prograding sequences characteristic of a highstand systems tract (HST) and stacked shelf margin wedges (SMW). Comparison of stratigraphic cross sections, lithofacies maps, and a "paleotopographic" map of the sub-Smackover transgressive surface shows that the distribution of lithofacies within the TST was strongly controlled by two types of sub-Smackover paleotopographic highs: (1) Norphlet dune fields and (2) eroded basement rock. As the TST became progressively buried during deposition, distribution of lithofacies within the HST and the SMWs was controlled less by these early paleotopographic features and more by (1) differential compaction around shoal-water facies in the TST, (2) early Louann salt movement, (3) basement- related faulting and (4) freshwater influx along the basin rim.

Ravan, J.E. - 1987 Regional Perspectives on the Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material. , Florida contains over 2000 miles of shoreline to be protected from human intervention through resource development. Dredged materials should be managed with methods that are consistent with the protection of wildlife habitats and wetlands. Dredged materials could be used for filling in sinkholes in various places of the oceans, the rivers, and the bottomlands where water quality is a problems. Dredged materials may be well suited for beach nourishment where erosion problems exist. Dredged materials may also be used for marsh development and habitat development. It is recommended that the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers be given authority to manage dredged materials through a wetlands protection act. (See also W88-02563) (Geiger-PTT)

Reed, J.K. -

Mikkelsen, P.M. - 1987 The molluscan community associated with the scleractinian coral Oculina varicosa. , Bulletin of Marine Science 40(1): 99-131. The molluscan community associated with the scleractinian coral Oculina varicosa is compared among 4 Florida reef sites: inner shelf (6 m), midshelf (27 m), outer shelf (42 m), and shelf edge (80 m). 41 Coral samples yielded 5,132 individuals and 230 species, including 155 gastropods, 68 bivalves, 1 scaphopod, 5 polyplacophorans, and 1 cephalopod. similar to 47% were free living (motile), 32% symbiotic (parasitic or commensal), 18% epilithic (fouling), and 3% endolithic (boring). The species assemblage at the 80-m reef was distinct from that at 6 m: similar to 75% of the individuals collected at 6 m were herbivores or detritivores. Possibly due to higher light levels and sedimentation from wave surge. Carnivores dominated at the 80-m station but were uncommon at 6 m.

Reed, J.M. - 1994 Probable Cretaceous-to-Recent Rifting in the Gulf-of-Mexico Basin - an Answer to Callovian Salt Deformation and Distribution Problems . , Journal of Petroleum Geology 17(4): 429-444. No Abstract Avaliable

Rehkemper, L.J. - 1969 Sedimentology of Holocene estuarine deposits, Galveston Bay. Holocene Geology of the Galveston Bay Area. , Houston Geological Society: 12-52. No Abstract Avaliable

Richie, J.M. - 1961 The sedimentary environments of the beach, swamp, and shoals of Cape Romano, Florida , Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FI, 87 p.

Ritchie and Crocker Engineers - 1968 Beach Erosion Study Town of Hillsboro Beach, Florida , Ritchie and Crocker Engineers No Abstract Avaliable

Rizk, F.F. - 1985 Sedimentological studies at Alligator Spit, Franklin County, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University: 171. No Abstract Avaliable

Roland, J. - 1993 Beaches , Sarasota Herald-Tribune, June 27, 1993. Sarasota, Florida, pp. 1A, 14A-15A

Roof, S.R. -

Mullins, A. - 1991 Climatic forcing of cyclic carbonate sedimentation during the last 5.4 million years along the west Florida continental margin. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 61(7): 1070-1088. Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) Hole 625B from 890 m water on the West Florida carbonate ramp-slope provides a continuous 235 m long record of cyclic sedimentation responding to global climatic change and regional tectonics over the past 5.4 Ma. Relatively rapid sedimentation rates (> 5 cm/1000 yr) and a 30 cm sampling interval (6-10,000 yr) permit a high-resolution investigation of Milankovitch-influenced carbonate sedimentation on a continental margin. Total carbonate, percent coarse (> 63 mu m), and oxygen isotope data exhibit good correlation with established mid- and late-Pleistocene composite records, indicating that the climate signal recorded on the West Florida slope closely parallels the global climate signal obtained from deep-sea sediments.

Ross, F.W. - 1975 Sedimentary structures and animal-sediment relationships, Old Tampa Bay, Florida , University of South Florida, Tampa, FL

Rowan, M.G. - 1997 Three-dimensional geometry and evolution of a segmented detachment fold, Mississippi Fan foldbelt, Gulf of Mexico. , Journal of Structural Geology 19(3-4): 463-480. The frontal fold of the deep-water Mississippi Fan foldbelt is used to investigate the relationships between folding and faulting in detachment folds. Seismic coverage shows the entire three-dimensional geometry, from termination to termination, and the deformation history as recorded by asymmetric growth strata on fold limbs. The fold is a salt-cored detachment fold cut by reverse faults on both limbs. Its three-dimensional geometry is complex, consisting of four separate culminations, each associated with a distinct fault or fault segment. Consequently, profile geometries vary significantly, but unsystematically, along strike. Data analysis and structural restoration suggest a three-stage evolution during Mio-Pliocene shortening: (I)preexisting, en-echelon salt pillows served as buckling instabilities for the initiation of detachment folds that experienced relatively minor lateral propagation during growth and linkage; (2) an increase in shortening rate was accommodated by break-thrust folding; and (3) the faults became inactive upon a decrease in shortening rate, such that further fold amplification occurred by rotation and uplift of the backlimb. There is a direct correlation between fold and fault geometries, and abundant evidence indicates that the geometries of individual fold segments dictated fault geometries. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.Rowan, M. G

Rowan, M.G. -

Villamil, T. - 1996 Use of cross-section restoration to determine paleobathymetry and sea-floor paleotopography in the Gulf of Mexico basin. , Geology 24(4): 299-302. A systematic technique for sequential restoration of salt-related extensional structures incorporates Airy isostasy to quantify both the loading subsidence and the change in water depth during any time interval. The results are used to generate paleo-sea-floor templates for restoration and to reconstruct evolving salt and sediment geometries. Paleobathymetries calculated by the restoration technique are compatible with paleobathymetric environments derived from biofacies analysis of benthic foraminifers sampled in five wells along a reflection seismic profile from western Eugene Island, offshore Louisiana, northern Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, both aggradation and progradation rates measured from the restorations are consistent with regional depositional patterns. The results demonstrate that the restoration method adequately determines paleobathymetry and sea-floor paleotopography. Restoration of multiple sections can provide a framework for the estimation of sediment transport and deposition geometries and facies development.

Saffer, P. - 1955 A Preliminary Investigation of River & Beach Samples Collected in the States of Florida, Georgia and Alabama. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. The purpose of this thesis is the examination of collected river and beach sand samples to determine their physical and mineralogical characteristics. The samples were collected from the major rivers of northwestern Florida, southeastern Georgia, southern Alabama, and along the beaches of the northwestern Gulf Coast of Florida. Emphasis is placed on the sedimentary character and heavy mineral content of the sediments.

Sargent, F.E. - 1988 Case histories of Corps breakwater and jetty structures. , Coastal Engineering Research Center: 105. No Abstract Avaliable

Sayre, W. - 1987 Coastal Erosion on Barrier Island of Pinellas County, West-Central Florida , Coastal Sediments '87, Kraus, N.C., (ed.), New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1037-1050. # J48-1037

Schade, C. - 1985 Late Holocene Sedimentology of St. George Island. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. The Late Holocene geologic history of St. George Island was interpreted through the study of surface geomorphic features, subsurface stratigraphic data, and an investigation of coastal processes operative during historical times. Subsurface data from Rattlesnake Point and Goose Island show three distinct units, interpreted to be offshore silty sands, open lagoon or sound sands, and clean sands of barrier island, spit, and platform origin. A general up-core and seaward increase in the sand to silt ratio indicates that there was an influx of offshore sands to the area. This and subsurface data from the literature suggest that offshore sources Supplied the sands for the formation of St. George Island. Gap Island probably emerged on a small shoal about 3,500 years B.P., and then prograded seaward by successive beach ridge accretion. Geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence suggest that St. George Island proper developed later, probably growing together from two newly emergent island nuclei. The mechanism that can most easily explain the emergence of these three original island cores is a fluctuating or oscillating sea. Since its inception, landward migration of the island has been minor, certainly not being even as much as the island's width. There has been some migration as is demonstrated by the many overwash features, a large migrating dune wave, and the welding of St. George Island onto Gap Island. Statistical analyses of the granulometry of the Gulf beach sands, used in conjunction with mapping techniques (i.e. bathymetric differencing and Log-log profiles), indicate that the dominant direction of sand transport is shore-normal, although shore-parallel transport does appear to operate within definable littoral cells or sub-cells. Shoreface erosion has been variable along the island, with landward shoreline translation ranging from less than 25 meters to nearly 250 meters between the years 1873-1943. This was not accompanied by lagoon shoreline aggradation, so that the result was a narrowing of the island. Much of the sands involved in shoreface erosion have apparently been going offshore, thus maintaining or even decreasing the offshore and shoreface profile.

Schmidt, W. - 1983 Neogene Stratigraphy and Geologic History, Apalchicola Embayment, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Neogene units lie near the surface in the Florida panhandle in a narrow band extending from 20 miles west of Tallahassee, Leon County, northwest to Oak Grove in north-central Okaloosa County. These sediments are primarily clayey, sandy (quartz), shell beds exposed along a number of stream or river bluffs. Downdip towards the Gulf of Mexico these units thicken and change in lithologic character. Although subsurface units, these contemporaneous lithologic packages can be defined and mapped throughout the region using stratigraphic core tests, water-well cuttings, and geophysical well logs. The Bruce Creek Limestone and Intracoastal Formation are two units, predominantly subsurface, mapped from this area. It is also noted that the Chipola and Jackson Bluff formations are younger downdip in the subsurface than where they are exposed up dip. Pleistocene quartz sands, gravels, and massive silty clay beds are mapped in Gulf, Franklin, and southern Liberty counties. These units were deposited in brackish and fluvial environments as the Apalachicola delta system advanced to the south. The Neogene and Pleistocene sequence of sediments thickens and dips along a gently plunging 3.Xis that descends gulfward through central Gulf County. This thickened sequence of sediments is called the Apalachicola Embayment. The lithologic and faunal characteristics of the formations, from the Upper Eocene to the Pleistocene are, summarized. This information is then used to suggest paleoenvironments for the various units. A generalized paleoenvironmental sequence is postulated from the mid- Tertiary to Recent. Differing opinions on the nature and origin of the Apalachicola Embayment have been expressed by numerous geologists. By incorporating interpretations from the Neogene (this paper) with sequential structural contour maps from the Upper Cretaceous to the Lower Micoene (unpublished maps by May and Schmidt, 1974), and Jurassic mapping by Pontigo (1982), with the large volume of published literature on the area, a geologic history has been synthesized. The low feature (embayment) resulted from a graben which had its origin in Triassic to Early Jurassic time. This graben slowly filled with sediments until it ceased to exist as an embayment at the end of the Early Cretaceous. From Early Cretaceous through Early Eocene a "low" or depression occurred east of the Jurassic axis. During Early through latest Eocene the axis of this "low" shifted to the northwest until the Oligocene, when it was repositioned once again over the Jurassic axis. This Late Cretaceous- Tertiary feature is considered to be due to slow deposition in a current-swept strait similar to the present Florida Straits. During the Early and Middle Miocene, the strait apparently began to fill in as carbonates from the Florida platform on the southeast infringed on the shallow channel, and clastics from the northwest spilled over onto the shallow shelf. From the Late Miocene to Pleistocene the strait completely filled and the prograding coastal plain migrated over the area. The feature does not currently exist as a topographic low since the Apalachicola River Delta has prograded over the area.

Schnable, J. - 1966 The Evolution and Development of part of the N.W. Florida Coast. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. A subsurface investigation of the coastal areas in the Apalachicola delta region on the northwest Florida coast indicates that Pleistocene and Recent sediments thicken to the southwest and have been deposited on an uneven Miocene surface of variable age. All of the Pleistocene sediments are considered to be Sangamon or younger in age. The thickest Pleistocene section occurs west of the mouth of the Apalachicola River. It consists of two sequences of terrigenous clastic sediments, each grading upwards from coarse to fine, and represents two major Late Pleistocene sea level fluctuations. Radiocarbon dates and stratigraphic relationships indicate that the upper of these sequences probably represents a mid-Wisconsin transgression of the sea whereas the lower represents a Sangamon transgression. The thickest section of Recent sediments lies in the incised valley of the Apalachicola River which was cut during the last lowering of sea level. These sediments which consist entirely of deltaic, pro-deltaic, and bay sediments represent the gradual filling of the drowned river valley which was inundated by the Recent rise in sea level. The bays, barrier islands, and spits are the only other areas of any significant Recent sedimentation with the exception of one offshore basin to the southwest of the present river mouth and major barrier islands. Radiocarbon dates, stratigraphic relationships and environmental interpretations suggest that there was a relatively high stand of the sea which was very near present sea level sometime between 24,000 and 40,000 years B.P. Geomorphologic evidence in the area indicates that this high stand may have been slightly higher than present sea level and probably corresponds to the Silver Bluff shoreline of Florida and Georgia. No evidence has been found for a Recent higher sea level stand and radiocarbon dates and sediments indicate that sea level was approximately 10 to 15 feet below its present level sometime between 4,000 and 4,500 years ago.

Schnable, J. -

Goodell, H.G. - 1966 Pleistocene-Recent Stratigraphy, Evolution, and Developments of the Apalachicola Coast, Florida. , Dept. of Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. No Abstract Avaliable

Schoellhamer, D.H. - 1991 Size classification of bed sediment and selection of resuspension monitoring sites in upper Tampa Bay, Florida. , No Abstract Avaliable

Scholl, D. -

Stiver, M. - 1967 Recent submergence of southern Florida: A comparison with adjacent coasts and other eustatic data. , Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 78, p. 437-454. No Abstract Avaliable

Scholl, D. - 1969 Florida submergence curve revised-- its relation to coastal sedimentation rates. , Science, v. 163, p. 562-564. No Abstract Avaliable

Scholl, D. - 1964 Recent sedimentary record in mangrove swamps and rise in sea level over the southwestern coast of Florida--part 1. , Marine Geology, v. 1, p. 344-366. No Abstract Avaliable

Schroeder, W.W. -

Shultz, A.W. - 1995 Late Quaternary oyster shells and sea-level history, inner shelf, northeast Gulf of Mexico. , Journal of Coastal Research 11(3): 664-674. Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) shells collected at nine sites on the Alabama continental shelf in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico have yielded 27 radiocarbon ages between 8,400 and 36,000 yr BP. Ages and water depths of collection sites of these shells are generally consistent with ages and water depths of shells from the U.S. Atlantic shelf. We have evaluated our data against published interpretations of sea-level change over the past 120,000 yr. The nine youngest shells, from six different sites, have age-depth relations consistent with estuarine origins. Older shells (radiocarbon age > 15,000 yr BP) were collected at various depths, some of which are incompatible with their apparent ages and best estimates of late Pleistocene sea levels. Present distribution would seem to require transport of shells over significant distances on the gently sloping shelf. Although their generally good physical condition makes such transport unlikely, shells may have formed lags during transgressive erosion. Furthermore, accuracy of radiocarbon ages is questionable particularly for the older materials in our set, and the significant likelihood of even greater ages for these shells restores the possibility of local origins. Notable concentrations of mixed-age shells occur at 40 m and 20 m depths. These concentrations are interpreted as lags that document changes in the rate of sea-level rise, and/or the superposition of Holocene and older paleo-estuarine systems. The -40 m lag resulted from a decreased rate of rise in sea level over the period 9,800 to 9,000 yr BP followed by a brief interval of increased rate of rise in sea level. The -20 m lag represents a reworking of pre-Holocene shells and lithified sediments during a subsequent decrease in the rate of rise in sea level postulated at 8,200 to 7,800 yr BP. Both the -40 m and -20 m lags may also be related in depth to interstadial paleo-estuarine deposits dating from 25,000 to 76,000 and 80,000 to 115,000 yr BP, respectively.

Scott, G.W. -

Young, L.M. - 1988 Petrology and provenance of Norphlet Formation, Florida Panhandle. , AAPG Bulletin 72(9): 1123. No Abstract Avaliable

Scott, T.M. - 1997 Miocene to Holocene history of Florida. , In A. F. Randazzo and D. S. Jones, University Press of Florida: 57-68. No Abstract Avaliable

Sea Systems Corporation - 2002 Canal Maintenance Program Reconnaissance Bathymetric Survey, Pompano Beach, Florida , Sea Systems Corporation No Abstract Avaliable

Seal, T. - 1997 Development and use of coastal sediment assessment techniques in Florida , In: Assessing the cumulative impacts of watershed development on aquatic ecosystems and water quality (Florida DEP)

Sedwick, P.E. -

Davis Jr., R.A. - 2003 Stratigraphy of washover deposits in Florida: implications for recognition in the stratigraphic record , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 31-48 Twelve washover deposits were cored on the west-central Gulf Coast of Florida to provide data to permit development of a model to help identify washover facies in the stratigraphic record. Typical modern washover stratigraphy displays landward-dipping plane beds comprised of well-sorted sand with distinct laminae of shells and heavy minerals. Five subfacies are delineated which show variations in composition, texture, and bioturbation throughout the washover facies. These subfacies represent differences in flow conditions during overwash, position relative to sea level, and variable degrees of reworking after deposition. Three shell assemblages aid in identification of washover deposits. Backbarrier sediments composed of shoreface/open water species or mixed shoreface/backbarrier species may potentially be washover in origin. Sediments with purely backbarrier/quiet water shell species are likely to have been deposited independently of washover activity. Examination of washover deposits of differing ages reveals that preservation of washover stratigraphy is not exclusively a function of time. Reworking of small-scale stratification can occur in as short as a decade; however, this same stratification was found to be preserved in deposits several hundred years old. Destruction of original washover signatures is related to the position of the deposits relative to sea level, and the rate and depth of burial. Even after the destruction of small-scale stratigraphic features, washover deposits may still be identified as such due to their texture, composition, and shell assemblages. Key features in recognizing the facies after bioturbation and reworking are: (1) the presence of clean sand in otherwise muddy backbarrier sediments, (2) the landward thinning of the facies, and (3) the presence of shoreface shells or mixed shoreface/backbarrier shells on landward portions of the barrier island system. If reworking is severe and/or there are limited subsurface data, distinguishing washovers from genetically similar deposits (e.g. flood tidal deltas and spillover deposits) in the stratigraphic record is difficult and when considered out of stratigraphic context may not be recognizable.

Setlow, L. - 1972 Dune Reddening --A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Quartz and Heavy Mineral Sand Grains. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. An investigation was undertaken to determine the ages of iron-stained dunes relative to Recent white sand dunes along the northwest Gulf Coast of Florida. Methods of study included heavy mineral counts, sediment color, and scanning electron microscopy of quartz sand micro-textures. Additional scanning electron microscope studies were made of eight heavy mineral species from littoral, eolian, and glacial sediments in order to ascertain the nature of their grain surface microtextures and to evaluate their resistance to weathering processes. Heavy mineral counts of iron-stained dune samples showed decreased abundances of amphibole, epidote, garnet, and, to a certain extent, ilmenite-magnetite in comparison with samples from adjacent unstained dunes. Ratios of combined amphibole, epidote, garnet, and ilmenite-magnetite percentages to combined zircon, rutile, and tourmaline percentages in the O( to 3( sand size fraction indicated that the iron-stained sands studied have undergone the same relative amount of weathering and quite possibly represent contemporaneous eolian deposition. The iron-stained coastal dunes are basically light shades of orange in accordance with the Munsell color system. The color is most likely derived from the in-situ weathering of iron-bearing heavy minerals. Time for iron-stain on sand to develop a specific color in a humid oxidizing environment is uncertain, but it is suggested that progressively older coastal sands tend to be more deeply stained. Microscopic examination of these sands showed the stain to occur as crusty patches, coatings, or iron-stained clay particles. The similarity in colors offered some support for the possibility that the iron- stained dunes had essentially undergone the same amount of weathering through geologic time. Scanning electron microscopy of quartz sand samples from both the Recent and the iron-stained dunes using a new technique suggested by Karpovich for quantitatively expressing grain surface micro-textures revealed that each of the orange sands has approximately the same amount of solution derived surface features. A method of comparing sedimentary deposits by stage of diagenesis/solution suggested that the iron-stained dunes are definitely pre-Recent, and probably Late Pleistocene in age. A preliminary examination of amphibole, epidote. garnet, kyanite, staurolite, tourmaline. and zircon sand grains from littoral, coastal dune. and glacial deposits with the use of the scanning electron microscope demonstrated that surface micro-textures produced as responses to physical and chemical weathering are dependent on mineral crystallography. All of these minerals from the littoral environment had breakage micro-textures that resembled surfaces on glacial quartz. though the fracture surfaces were not as abundant as seen on samples of glacial quartz, epidote. and garrlet, the nature and distribution of the breakage features on heavy mineral sand from beach deposits were shown to be dependent on littoral energy and mineralogy. The heavy minerals amphibole and kyanite displayed surface textures that were controlled marily by cleavage and a process of cleavage initiation was proposed. Amphibole, kyanite, and zircon grains had microtextures which may be derived through eolian transport. No distinctive features derived solely by eolian processes observed on the other minerals. Solution features were on all the minerals studied, and were pronounced on grains from low energy beaches and old coastal dunes. Distinct etch figures were observed on epidote. garnet and tourmaline from littoral environments. Chemical etching by intra-stratal solutions in old coastal dunes affected the unstable minerals epidote and amphibole the most, whereas stabler heavy minerals examined commonly had low relief surfaces.

Shaub, E.J. - 1983 Growth faults on the southwestern margin of the Gulf of Mexico. Seismic expression of structural styles. , No Abstract Avaliable

Shaub, E.J. -

Buffler, R.T. - 1984 Seismic Stratigraphic Framework of Deep Central Gulf of Mexico Basin. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 68(11): 1790-1802. No Abstract Avaliable

Shepard, F.P. - 1960 Rise of Sea Level Along Northwest Gulf of Mexico. Recent Sediments, Northwest Gulf of Mexico. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists: 338-344. No Abstract Avaliable

Shier, D.E. - 1969 Vermetid reefs and coastal development in the Ten Thousand Islands, southwest Florida. , Geological Society of America Bulletin 80: 485-508. No Abstract Avaliable

Shows, E.W. - 1983 An Application of Operations Research Methods to Beach Renourishment Projects. , Mathematical models have been widely used in business to minimize cost and maximize profit. In this paper such models are used to help determine the optimum strategy for a beach renourishment project including the initial and subsequent fill quantities and the length of a complete renourishment cycle. The importance of considering economic factors is emphasized, and the sensitivity of the optimal values to changes in the basic parameters of the models are discussed. The possible extensions and limitations of the models are considered. (Author 's abstract)

Silberman, J. -

Klock, M. - 1988 The recreation benefits of beach renourishment. Ocean Shoreline Management. , Ocean Shoreline Management 11(1): 73-90. This paper presents a methodology for directly estimating recreational benefits associated with beach renourishment. The methodology is employed to estimate benefits for the renourishment of the northern New Jersey beaches. It is shown that estimated benefits are more sensitive to the estimated increase in visitation associated with beach renourishment than to the estimated increase in willingness-to-pay. More emphasis needs to be placed on visitation estimates in a cost-benefit analysis of beach renourishment than has been done previously. Additionally, for the first time, estimates of the existence value of beach renourishment are provided.

Silberman, L.Z. - 1980 A sedimentological study of the Gulf beach of Sanibel and Captiva Islands, Florida , Shore lines Past and Present, Tanner, W. F., (ed.), Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, v. 2, p. 427-490

Silberman, L.Z. - 1979 Sedimentological study of the Gulf Coasts of Sanibel and Captiva Islands, Florida , Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 132 p.

Skolnick, H. - 1976 Late Pleistocene- impact of unique continental climate condition on sediment accumulation on slope of northern Gulf of Mexico. , in A. H. Bouma, G. T. Moore and J. M. Coleman Ed. New Orleans. 2: J1-J32. No Abstract Avaliable

Smith, C.W. -

Davis, B.C. -

Sikich, S.W. - 1991 Characterization of dredged sediments from the Apalachicola River, Liberty and Gulf Counties, Florida. , U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines: 5. No Abstract Avaliable

Smith, R. - 1996 Personal Communication , Chief of Engineers T.L. James and Company, Inc.

Smith, W.G. - 1968 Sedimentary environments and environmental change in the Peat-forming area if south Florida. , University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University. No Abstract Avaliable

Snetzer, R.E. - 1969 Jetty weir systems at inlets in the Mobile Engineer District. , Shore and Beach 37: 28-32. No Abstract Avaliable

Solin & Associates - 1986 City of Vero Beach Comprehensive Plan Proposal. Vero Beach , Solin & Associates No Abstract Available

Spackman Jr., W. -

Dolsen, C.P. - 1966 Phytogenic organic sediments and sedimentary environments in the Everglades mangrove complex; Part I: Effects if the transgressing sea on environments of the Shark River area of southwest Florida. , Paleontographica 117: 135-152. No Abstract Avaliable

Spadoni, R.H. - 1996 The 1994/1995 Galveston Island beach nourishment project. , Tallahassee, Fl (USA), Florida Shore & Beach Preservation Association During the winter and spring of 1994/1995, the City of Galveston restored its eroded beach. The purpose of the project was to provide a recreational beach in support of tourism on Galveston Island. Prior to 1993, a borrow area for the project, the "Big Reef" shoal in the Galveston Harbor ship channel, was identified by the City as the sand source for the project. Nevertheless, based on use of Big Reef, construction bids for the project far exceeded the City budget for beach nourishment. In 1993, Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. (CPE), Boca Raton, Florida was employed by the City to engineer the project. Despite the generally unsuitable sediments offshore of Galveston, the engineers of CPE conducted a unique sand search to locate a more economical sand source for the project. Through a process of continual refinement, the sand search was modified on a daily basis to focus in on the best potential offshore sand sources. Three (3) potential borrow areas were identified and the project was rebid. The selected borrow area identified by CPE resulted in a reduction in the bid for project construction by $2,541,000. The beach was restored with sand almost identical to the native sand. The project was completed in time for the 1995 summer tourist season. (DBO)

Spicola, J. - 1984 Asymmetry of the A-B-C Model with Regard to the Evolution of Dog Island, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. The coastal cell concept introduced by Stapor (1971) is used for estimating mass sediment budgets along coastlines. May and Tanner (1973) later identified five key points (a,b,c,d,e) and called this concept the "a-b-c. .." model. For an "ideal" cell model, one with simple headland and bay configuration, PL (littoral component of wave power) and q (quantity of sand transported past any given point) approximate a simple sine curve, as is easy to visualize, but in nature many factors operate so that a simple sine curve cannot be applied in most cases. The map outline of the beach, whether it is generally convex or concave seaward, influences the model in such a way as to skew it toward either point "a" or "e." This is not to say that the ideal model does not apply to any coastline whatever, but that the chances are much greater for departures from the "ideal" model along most natural coastlines. Sediment movement data, from a bathymetric comparison of charts of a natural convex-seaward coastline, have been computed for Dog Island, Florida. The PL curve, as well as curves for q and dq/dx, show a pronounced skewness toward the "e" point. By observing the WAVENRG computer program (May, 1974) plots for the PL curve along Cape San Blas, Florida, and the eroding and depositional distances along the natural convex- seaward coastline of Dog Island, Florida (where the "a-b-c" segment of the southwest drift cell is roughly five times as long as the "c-d-e" segment), the asymmetry of the curves is easily visible. A granulometric and orientational beach ridge study on the northeastern end of Dog Island, Florida, indicates that although local energy conditions have remained similar (low-to-moderate) through the last 3,000 years, wind and wave approach have varied. These varying conditions have resulted in at least two different beach ridge orientations which also indicate changing transport directions (longshore, offshore-onshore). Superimposed on these wind and therefore wave approach directions are sea level fluctuations, plus and minus 1 to 2 met5ers from present. In the Dog Island area from 1872 through 1935 sea level has risen on an average of 3 mm/year to result in an average shoreline retreat of 2m/year excluding erosion or deposition.

Spurgeon, D.L. -

Davis Jr., R.A. -

Shinnu, E.A. - 2003 Formation of `Beach Rock? at Siesta Key, Florida and its influence on barrier island development , Marine Geology, v. 200, p. 19-29 Seaward-dipping strata of carbonate-cemented shell debris located along the coast of Siesta Key on the Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula have long been interpreted to be beachrock equivalent in age to the Pleistocene Anastasia Formation (Stage 5e) of the east coast of Florida. Detailed examination of thin sections along with radiometric dating and isotopic analyses demonstrates clearly that this is a Holocene deposit that is not beachrock but was lithified in a meteoric environment. Whole rock dates, dates from shells only, and from cement only demonstrate that these beach deposits were in place by at least 1800 yr BP and might have been there as long ago as 4300 yr BP. This means that some type of barrier island was in place at that time. Previous investigations have depicted Siesta Key as having a maximum age of 3000 yr with these deposits being located about 2 km landward of the beach deposits. This suggests that the beach deposits might have been the site of the original position of Siesta Key. These data also indicate that sea level must have been near its present position at the time that these foreshore beach deposits were deposited; sometime between 1800 and 4300 yr ago. This scenario indicates that sea level along this coastal reach probably reached its present level at least about 2000 yr ago.

Staiger, J. -

Poff, M. - 1996 Personal Communication , Coastal Manager Pinellas County

Stapor Jr., F.W. - 1975 Holocene beach ridge plain development, northwest Florida. , Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 22: 116-144. No Abstract Avaliable

Stapor Jr., F.W. - 1975 Shoreline changes between Phillips Inlet and Pensacola Inlet, northwest Florida coast. , Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 25: 373-378. No Abstract Avaliable

Stapor Jr., F.W. -

Matthews, T.D. - 1980 C-14 chronology of Holocene barrier islands, Lee County, Florida , Shore lines Past and Present, Tanner, W. F., (ed.), Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL,Shore lines Past and Present, Tanner, W. F., (ed.), Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, v. 1, p. 47-67

Stapor, F.W. - 1973 Heavy mineral concentrating processes and density/shape/size equilibria in the marine and coastal dune sands of the Apalachicola, Florida, region. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 43: 396-407. No Abstract Avaliable

Stapor, F.W. - 1973 Coastal Sand Budgets and Holocene Ridge Plain Development, Northwest Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. The beach ridges making up the Holocene beach ridge plains

Stapor, F.W. - 1971 Sediment budgets on a compartmented low-to-moderate energy coast in northwest Florida. , Marine Geology 10: M1-M7. No Abstract Avaliable

Stapor, F.W. -

Mathews, T.D. - 1989 Episodic barrier island growth in southwest Florida: A response to fluctuating Holocene sea level? , Symposium on South Florida Geology. in J. R. Mauresse, Miami Geological Society Memoir No. 3: 149-202. No Abstract Avaliable

Stapor, F.W. - 1974 Chapter 1: The "cell" concept in coastal geology. Sediment Transport in the Near-Shore Zone. , Department of Geology, Florida State University. Tallahassee: 1-11. No Abstract Avaliable

Stapor, F.W. -

Mathews, T.D. -

Lindfors-Kearns, F.E. - 1991 Barrier-island progradation and Holocene sea-level history in southwest Florida , Journal of Coastal Research, v. 7, no. 3, p. 815-838

Stapor, F.W. - 1973 History and sand budgets of the barrier island system in the Panama City, Florida, Region. , Marine Geology 14: 277-286. No Abstract Avaliable

Stapor, F.W. -

Mathews, T.D. - 1991 Barrier island progradation and Holocene sea level history in southwest Florida. , Journal of Coastal Research, v. 7, p. 815-838. No Abstract Avaliable

State of Florida Department of Natural Resources - 1987 Florida?s Beach Restoration Management Plan for Beach Management Planning District VI. Tallahassee , State of Florida Department of Natural Resources No Abstract Available

State of Florida Department of Natural Resources - 1988 Sebastian Inlet State Recreation Area Unit Management Plan. Tallahassee , State of Florida Department of Natural Resources No Abstract Available

State of Florida Department of Natural Resources - 1987 Florida?s Beach Restoration Management Plan for Beach Management Planning District VI , State of Florida Department of Natural Resources No Abstract Avaliable

Stauble, D.K. -

Holem, G.W. - 1991 Long term assessment of beach nourishment project performance. , NEW YORK, NY, ASCE: 510-524. Long-term data on profile response, sediment distribution and wave information have been collected and analyzed for the Indialantic/Melbourne Beach beach nourishment project in order to properly assess the history of fill volume retention and fill grain size stability through time. A fill volume of 195,060 m super(3) was placed in the winter of 1980 along a 3.4 km section of beach in Brevard County, Florida, located 43 km south of Cape Canaveral. The borrow material was from an upland source and was placed by truck haul on the design profile. The longer-term monitoring of the project from five months to seven years after fill placement consisted of near-quarterly profiles, with additional profiles bracketing significant storm events. A seasonality of summer accretion and winter erosion was observed during this period. Storm frequency was the controlling factor in rate of fill removed from the foreshore. As a result of each storm, coarser fill material was exposed and reintroduced along the fill placement zone. Foreshore sediment sample composites showed a seasonal trend along with coarsening after each storm. The systematic monitoring of this beach nourishment project over the long-term provided insight into initial rapid readjustment of the fill template, seasonal and storm variability in fill profile and sediment adjustment, project response and protection provided to storm conditions, and the temporal longevity of fill performance. This type of data is necessary to improve design concepts of fill placement, design berm templates, borrow area suitability and temporal prediction of project lifespan.

Stauble, D.K. -

Warnke, D.A. - 1974 The bathymetry and sedimentation of Cape San Blas shoal and shelf off St. Joseph Spit, Florida. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 44: 1037-1051. No Abstract Avaliable

Stephen, M.F. -

Poff, M. - 1996 Collier County beach restoration project, post-construction monitoring report , Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc., 131 p.

Stephen, M.F. - 1995 30 years to recovery at Caxambas Pass, Collier County Florida , Sand Wars, Sand Shortages & Sand-Holding Structures, Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, p. 271-286. #JD27-271

Stephen, M.F. -

Poff, M. - 1997 Marco Island beach restoration project 1996 annual monitoring report for Collier County, Florida and the State of Florida Department of Environmental Protection , Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc., Naples, FL

Stevens, R. -

Olsen, E. - 1979 The privately funded beach project - what to do when there's no government funding , Papers Presented at Annual Conference on Beach Preservation, Tait, S. and Leahy, T., (eds.). Bal Harbour, Florida: Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, pp. 26-41.

Stevens, R.W. -

Barnett, M.R. - 1988 Performance of Beach Restoration at South Seas Plantation, Florida , Proceedings Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Tait, L.S., (ed.). Tallahassee, Florida, pp. 65-73. # J69-0065

Stewart, R. - 1962 Recent Sedimentary History of St. Joseph Bay, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Forida State University. Marine strata contribute by far the largest percentage of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic column and in great part these are of shallow water origin. Only in recent years have near-shore environments begun to receive the attention necessary for adequate description and interpretation of the factors determining the sedimentary patterns and characteristics developed. St. Joseph Bay is unique in being the only sizable body of water along the eastern portion of the Gulf Coast not of estuarine origin or markedly influenced by the influx of fresh water. It is the hope of the writer that the study of recent sedimentation in this bay may furnish useful information on yet another type of environment encountered along our present coastline.

Stone, G.W. -

Morgan, J.P. - 1992 Jack-up pontoon barge for vibracoring in shallow water. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 62(4): 739-740. Research currently undertaken by personnel in the Institute For Coastal and Estuarine Research at the University of West Florida involves the determination of heavy metals in late-Quaternary, subsurface-bay and estuarine sediments. Water depths from which the subsurface material is to be extracted varies from less than 0.5 to 5 m. Thus, an inexpensive barge has been designed and equipped to facilitate vibracore extraction from a series of shallow-water environments in Northwest Florida for subsequent geochemical analyses. The barge is somewhat similar to that of Hoyt and Demarest (1981) in that it is a twin-hull construction; however, significant modifications have been made to the ICER barge, including the addition of jack-up stabilizing spuds. In addition, the entire vessel has been outfitted for vibracoring operations at a significantly lower price.

Stone, G.W. - 1990 Northwest Florida and southeast Alabama: Historic shoreline stability during a period of relative sea level rise. , Evidence supporting a stable coastline during a period of relative sea level rise is presented for the northwestern Florida coast and southeastern Alabama coast. Historic records of sea level fluctuations, obtained from the National Ocean Service tide gauge at Pensacola, indicate a rate of relative sea level rise averaging 2.4 mm/year from 1924 to 1986. When compared with the six remaining NOS tide gauges in Florida, Pensacola shows the highest rate of rise over the entire period of record available for each gauge. Historic shoreline trends since the mid-1800's demonstrate that the vast majority of the 225-km stretch of coast from Destin, Florida to Morgan Point, Alabama has maintained stability and is progradational in places. These findings may have important implications for long-range planning along the northwestern Florida and the Alabama coastlines, particularly in prior planning for future sea level rise.

Stone, G.W. -

Grymes, J.M. -

Armbruster, C.A. -

Armbruster, C.A. - 1996 Researchers study impact of Hurricane Opal on Florida coast. , Earth in Space 9: 7-9. No Abstract Avaliable

Stone, G.W. -

Grymes, J.M. -

Armbruster, C.A. -

Huh, O.K. - 1996 Overview and impacts of Hurricane Opal on the Florida coast. , Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 77: 181-184. No Abstract Avaliable

Stone, G.W. -

Morgan, J.P. - 1993 Implications for a constant rate of relative sea-level rise during the last millennium along the northern Gulf of Mexico: Santa Rosa Island, Florida. , Shore and Beach 61: 24-28. No Abstract Avaliable

Stone, G.W. -

Stapor, F.W. -

May, J.P. -

Morgan, J.P. - 1992 Multiple sediment sources and a cellular, non-integrated, longshore drift system: northwest Florida and southeast Alabama coast. , Marine Geology 105(141-154). No Abstract Avaliable

Stone, G.W. - 1991 Differential sediment supply and the cellular nature of longshore sediment transport along coastal Northwest Florida and Southeast Alabama since the late Holocene , No Abstract Avaliable

Stone, G.W. -

Salmon, J.D. - 1988 Hurricane-related morphodynamics and implications for hazard mitigation, Perdido Key, Florida, U.S.A. , Journal of Coastal Management 16: 245-270. No Abstract Avaliable

Strong, N. -

Furbish, D.J. - 1999 A mechanism for particle size-sorting in soils and marine sediments. , Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America 31(7): 53. Organisms are a fundamental component of soil. Soil biota are continually pushing aside, ingesting and otherwise contributing to the motions of soil particles due to their physical and metabolic activities. This biomechanical transport and mixing of particles in a soil should lead to particle size-sorting such that within the biologically active section of the soil column, the average particle size decreases with depth. This particle size gradient is a result of two particle fluxes: (1) a downward flux due to advective motions driven by gravity; and (2) and an upward drift flux due to random dispersive motions driven predominantly by the activity of soil biota.Small particles, due to their smaller size, are more likely to fit into the pore spaces between grains than are large particles. Thus, due to gravitational settling and water-borne transport, small particles will have a greater tendency to settle downward than large particles. In contrast, large particles undergoing biomechanically-driven dispersion, even though this is a directionally random process, will have more of a tendency to move upward toward regions of higher porosity than small particles. A simple mathematical model based on probability theory is proposed that predicts these vertical variations in soil particle sizes. Soil samples from sandy soils formed on Pleistocene marine terraces in Northern Florida are used to calibrate and test the model. We find that the predicted pattern of a general fining in particle size with depth within the biologically active section of the soil column corresponds well with field observations. Furthermore, these same principles can be applied in describing mass transport and sorting in unconsolidated sediments, for example in marine and lacustrine environments. As such, the proposed model suggests a simple mechanical explanation for why biological mixing intensities of marine sediments appear to be particle-size sensitive.

Suboceanic Consultants - Hollywood/Hallandale Beach Restoration Project 6 months Monitoring Report , Suboceanic Consultants No Abstract Avaliable

Suboceanic Consultants - 1978 Appendices and Design Report Beach Restoration Project Hollywood and Hallandale Broward County, Florida. , Suboceanic Consultants No Abstract Avaliable

Suboceanic Consultants - Hollywood/Hallandale Beach Restoration Project 1 year Monitoring Report , Suboceanic Consultants No Abstract Avaliable

Suboceanic Consultants - 1979 Hollywood-Hallandale Beach Restoration Project Plans and Specification , Suboceanic Consultants No Abstract Avaliable

Suboceanic Consultants - 1978 Engineering and Design Report Beach Restoration Project Hollywood and Hallandale, Broward County, Florida , Suboceanic Consultants No Abstract Avaliable

Suboceanic Consultants - 1978 Appendices and Design Report Beach Restoration Project Hollywood and Hallandale Broward County, Florida. , Suboceanic Consultants No Abstract Avaliable

Suh, M. - 1990 An integrated geophysical study of the northern Gulf of Mexico: Deep seismic reflection profiling, seismic stratigraphy, gravity modeling, and crustal structure. , Multichannel deep seismic reflection data across a passive continental margin in the northern Gulf of Mexico have been acquired, processed, and interpreted together with three-dimensional gravity modeling. The central Gulf basin is structurally asymmetric from north and south. The northern Gulf is underlain by a 8 to 16 km thickness of sedimentary rocks, significantly greater than the southern Gulf. The top of continental crust occurs at a depth of about 8 km beneath the upper Mississippi-Alabama continental shelf and is characterized by horst and graben structures. The top of oceanic crust occurs at a depth of about 12 km below sea level in the deep Gulf of Mexico. The oceanic crust-transitional crust boundary is interpreted around 27 degree 16' N latitude in the profile. The seismic section of continental shelf and continental slope shows four distinct shelf edges; Jurassic, early Cretaceous, mid-Oligocene, and present. Sequence stratigraphic study defines ten seismic sequences since the time of opening of the Gulf of Mexico. The correlation of the sequence boundaries defined in the circum-Gulf region indicates that unconformities with mid-Miocene (10.5 Ma), mid-Oligocene (30 Ma), and mid-Cretaceous (97 Ma), and at the top of the Jurassic (131 Ma) are commonly found as major regional unconformities. The depositional history of this part of the northern Gulf margin can be divided into three main depositional periods: (1) shallow marine deposition from the opening of the Gulf to mid-Cretaceous time, (2) deep marine deposition from Cretaceous to mid-Oligocene, and a return to (3) shallow marine deposition since the mid-Oligocene. The depositional history indicates that characterization of the northern Gulf of Mexico continental margin as a terrigenous sediment wedge province was initiated in late Cretaceous time. Comparison of the location of the seismically defined oceanic crust-transitional crust boundary and the location of steep gravity gradients in the central Gulf of Mexico suggests the existence of outer marginal highs, 20 to 50 km wide. This observation constrains the northern limit of the oceanic crust to 20-50 km south of the steep gravity gradient belt in the north-central Gulf to the west where allochthonous salt inhibits seismic imaging of the deeper structures. (DBO)

Sussko, R.J. - 1988 Sedimentology of the siliclastic to carbonate transition on the southwest Florida inner shelf , University of South Florida, 83 p.

Tackney, D. - 1983 Physical monitoring of Captiva Beach Restoration Project - eighteen month monitoring report , Tackney and Associates, Inc.

Tanner, W.F. - 1982 Sedimentological tools for identifying depositional environments. , Information Circular - Georgia Geologic Survey. D. D. Arden, B. F. Beck and E. Morrow: 114-117. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. - 1985 Late Cenozoic sea level history in the Southeastern United States. , TERQUA Symposium Series, Lincoln, Nebraska: 3-8. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. - 1987 The beach; where is the "river of sand"? , No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. -

Demirpolat, S. -

Stapor, F.W. -

Alvarez, L. - 1989 The "Gulf of Mexico" Late Holocene sea level curve. , Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 29: 553-562. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. - 1990 The relationship between kurtosis and wave energy. Modern Coastal Sediments and Processes. , Department of Geology, Florida State University: 41-50. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. -

Donoghue, J.F. - 1993 Northeastern Gulf of Mexico coast. , Geological Society of America: 40. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. -

Donoghue, J.F. - 1993 Coastal geology, northeastern Gulf of Mexico. , Tallahassee, FL, Geological Society of America: 1-25. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. -

Wang, S.S.Y. - 1989 Sediment transport modeling from grain size data. , International symposium on Sediment transport modeling, New Orleans, LA: 386-391. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. - 1966 The surf "break": key to paleogeography? , Sedimentology 7: 203-210. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. - 1975 Historical beach changes, Florida "big bend" coast. , Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 25: 379-382. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. -

Evans, R.G. -

Holmes, C.W. - 1963 Low-energy coast near Cape Romano, Florida , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 33, p. 713-722

Tanner, W.F. - 1989 Johnson Shoal: clues to beach ridge plain origin and history , Coastal Sediment Mobility, Tanner, W.F. (ed.), Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Coastal Sedimentology, Geology Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, p. 97- 106

Tanner, W.F. - 1980 Sedimentological study of the Blind Pass area, Sanibel Island, Florida , Coastal Research, v. 5, p. 17-23

Tanner, W.F. - 1974 Sediment Transport in the near-shore zone , Florida Scientist, v. 37, p. 14

Tanner, W.F. - 1966 Late Cenozoic history and coastal morphology of the Apalachicola River region, western Florida. Deltas and their Geologic Framework. , Deltas and their Geologic Framework. in M. L. Shirley, and Ragsdale, J.A. Ed. Houston, Houston Geologic Society: 84-97. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. -

Bates, J.D. - 1965 Submerged beach on a zero-energy coast. , Southeastern Geology 7: 19-24. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. - 1961 Offshore shoals in area of energy deficit. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 31: 87-95. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. -

Mullins, A. -

Bates, J.D. - 1961 Possible masked heavy mineral deposit, Florida Panhandle. , Economic Geology 56: 1079-1087. No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. - 1960 Expanding shoals in areas of wave refraction. , Science 132(1012-1013). No Abstract Avaliable

Tanner, W.F. - 1959 Near-shore studies in sedimentology and morphology along the Florida panhandle coast. , Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 29: 564-574. No Abstract Avaliable

Taylor Engineering - 2001 Ft. Pierce Beach Renourishment St. Lucie County , Taylor Engineering No Abstract Available

Taylor Engineering - 1997 Coastal Engineering Narrative Fort Pierce 1.3 Mile Beach Restoration Project. Jacksonville , Taylor Engineering No Abstract Available

Tetra Tech - 1979 Engineering Report For South Seas Plantation Beach Improvement Project , Tetra Tech, Inc., Jacksonville, #BE79-1

Tetra Tech, Inc. - 1980 Geotechnical exploration of offshore sand Sources at Captiva Island, Florida , Tetra Tech, Inc., Jacksonville, contract no. 3362-07

Tetra Tech, Inc. - 1980 An evaluation of offshore sand Sources at Captiva Island, Florida , Tetra Tech, Inc., Jacksonville, contract no. 3362-05, 34 p. #1081

Tetra Tech, Inc. - 1981 Engineering report for Captiva Erosion Prevention District beach nourishment project , Tetra Tech, Inc., Jacksonville, contract no. TC-3362

Tew, B.H. -

Mink, R.M. - 1991 Geologic framework of Norphlet and pre-Norphlet strat of the onshore and offshore eastern Gulf of Mexico area. , Transactions - Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 41: 590-600. No Abstract Avaliable

Trabant, P.K. - 1993 Seismic stratigraphy a solution to deepwater drilling problems. , Oil and Gas Journal 91(39): 50-56. Serious drilling problems have been encountered by a number of deepwater operators in the Gulf of Mexico. The problem stems from the presence of geologically young unconsolidated sands that provide an excellent conduit for high-pressured interstitial fluids when pierced by the drillbit. Furthermore, the shallow nature of these formations is problematic in that casing is not always installed when the sands are perforated, and mud weights necessary to overcome formation pressures cannot be used as these may in turn fracture the sands and cause a rapid loss in circulation. A partial solution to the problem may be obtained by mapping the shallow seismic sequence stratigraphy, with emphasis on the depth, thickness, and types of sand-bearing facies or systems tracts. In addressing this particular drilling problem and related foundation engineering properties of near seafloor sediments on the upper slope, it is paramount to understand the origin and nature of the shallow deposits. These characteristics may be determined prior to drilling by applying the concepts of sequence seismic stratigraphy in the interpretation of high resolution seismic data routinely acquired for hazards studies. This article reviews the application of the seismic stratigraphic concept as a basis for the interpretation of Pleistocene sedimentary sequences to depths of 3,000 ft on the continental slope, northern Gulf of Mexico.

Trautman, M.A. - 1966 Radiocarbon 8. , No Abstract Avaliable

Trembanis, A.C. -

Pilkey, O.H. - 1998 Summary of beach nourishment along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico shoreline. , Journal of Coastal Research 14(2): 407-417. This paper expands and revises the original Gulf of Mexico beach nourishment database of Dixon and Pilkey (1989) by summarizing the beach nourishment experience up to 1996. Information is presented concerning 158 nourishment episodes along 60 beaches totaling over 78,000,000 cubic yards of emplaced sand from Corpus Christi, Texas to Marco Island, Florida. In recent years, the number, volume and average length of beach nourishments per year has increased.

Trudgill, B.D. -

Rowan, M.G. - 1999 The Perdido fold belt, northwestern deep Gulf of Mexico, Part 1: Structural geometry, evolution and regional implications. , Aapg Bulletin-American Association of Petroleum Geologists 83(1): 88-113. The Perdido fold belt is a frontier petroleum exploration province located in deep waters of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The anticlines are northeast-southwest-trending, symmetrical to asymmetrical, with concentric folds usually bounded on both flanks by steep reverse faults. The folds are interpreted as detachment-folds cored by autochthonous Middle Jurassic Louann Salt, The fold belt overlies rifted transitional crust characterized by northeast-southwest- trending basement highs and northwest-southeast transverse structures that;controlled the original salt thickness and subsequent fold geometry. Upper Jurassic-Eocene strata were folded during the early Oligocene (36-30 Ma), with deformation possibly continuing into the earliest Miocene, Postkinematic sediments gradually buried the folds, with younger strata progressively onlapping the highest structures. Some folds were reactivated during the middle Miocene, and a late phase of broad uplift during the Pliocene-Pleistocene is attributed to loading of the Louann Salt by the advancing Sigsbee salt nappe. The Perdido fold belt marks the basinward margin of a complex, linked system of gravitational spreading above salt, Updig Paleogene sedimentary loading and associated extension were accommodated downdip primarily by salt canopy extrusion. The 5- 10% shortening and folding occurred only after canopy feeders were evacuated and closed off. Subsequent loading and deformation were concentrated at higher, allochthonous levels.

Turner, R.E. - 1991 Tide Gauge Records, Water Level Rise, and Subsidence in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. , Long-term water level changes in the northern Gulf of Mexico were examined using tide gauge records for this century. Strong coherence exists between the annual mean water changes at Galveston, Texas, and (1) the relatively geologically stable west coast of Florida; (2) global mean sea level; and (3) the subsiding Louisiana coast. Water levels at the Galveston gauge, one of the longest records (81 yr), have risen steadily, but not accelerated over the long-term. The apparent acceleration of water rise in the recent two decades is within the historical pattern, and is probably driven by regional or global, but not local climatic factors. Because eustatic sea level has risen steadily this century, the analysis supports the conclusion that regional geologic subsidence has not varied significantly over the tide gauge record (1909-1988). Variations in the estimates of subsidence in the surface layers are generally consistent with the generally accepted understanding of the geology of deltaic processes on this coast. (Author's abstract) 35 011064059

Tyshing, R. - 1997 Concept design of the Hampton Beach renourishment Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. , University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand, Centre for Advanced Engineering: 449-452. Beach renourishment is a popular form of foreshore protection which results in high recreational amenity for the local residents mainly, and visitors to the area. Technically a successful low maintenance design requires a good, ample and proven source of suitable sand, as well as a good understanding of the coastal processes, particularly the sediment transport capacity. In practice however, the complete design must fully satisfy the requirements of a diverse range of interested groups ranging from government management agencies, planning agencies, local community groups including conservationists and to individuals who may feel that the development will somehow impact on them. Engineers must be prepared to develop designs that are technically functional and practical, and listen to and react to other requirements of the community in order for such public developments to be funded, supported and approved for construction.

U. S. Army -

U.S. Army - 1972 Beach erosion control study on Manatee County, Florida , U.S. Army, Engineer District, Jacksonville, FL

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville Distririct - 1970 Report on Lee County, Fla House Document No. 395, 91st Congress, 2nd Session , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 74p.

U.S. Army - 1969 Beach erosion control study on Lee County, Fla. , U. S. Army, Engineer District Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers -

U.S. Army - 1980 Feasibility report for beach erosion control, Charlotte County beaches, Florida , U. S. Army, Corps of Engineer District, Jacksonville, FL, var. paging. #106

U.S. Army -

Vallianos, L. - 1990 Beach and Nearshore Placement of Material Dredged from Federally Authorized Navigation Projects , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resource Policy Study 90-PS-1. #2239

U.S. Army - 1972 Beach erosion control study, Collier County, Florida , U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville

U. S. Army -

U.S. Army - 1972 Beach erosion control study on Manatee County, Florida , U.S. Army, Engineer District, Jacksonville, FL

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. -

U.S. Army Corps -

Coastal Planning and Engineering, Inc. - 1994 Design Memorandum For The First Renourishment Project Captiva Island Segment , Coastal Planning and Engineering, #2389

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - 1993 Unpublished Shoreline Protection and Beach Erosion Study Yearly Cost Data for Constructed projects (1950-1993) , U.S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, FL, var. paging

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - 1966 Report on Mullet key, Fla. , House Document No. 516, 89th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 75p.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - 1987 Sand placed on Florida beaches by the Jacksonville District 1970 to September 1985, unpublished notes. , Jacksonville District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 6p

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers -

U.S. Army - 1980 Feasibility report for beach erosion control, Charlotte County beaches, Florida , U. S. Army, Corps of Engineer District, Jacksonville, FL, var. paging. #106

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - 1961 Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers on Civil Works Activities: Fiscal Year 1961 , Extract Report of the Jacksonville District. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office

U.S. Geological Survey - 1997 West-central Florida coast; limited sand resources for eroding beaches , USGS Fact Sheet FS 0069-97

University of Florida - 1974 Coastal engineering study of Captiva Island , Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Report No. 74/025, 131 p.

University of Florida Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Laboratory - 1976 Report on Monitoring of a Beach Fill South of Canaveral Jetties , University of Florida Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Laboratory No Abstract Available

University of Florida Coastal Engineering Laboratory - 1957 Town of Jupiter Island - Hobe Sound-Technical Progress Report No. 5. , University of Florida Coastal Engineering Laboratory No Abstract Available

University of Florida Coastal Engineering Laboratory - 1958 Coastal Engineering Study of Fort Pierce Beach-Technical Progress Report No. 7 , University of Florida Coastal Engineering Laboratory No Abstract Available

University of Florida Coastal Engineering Laboratory - 1962 Report on Erosion Situation at Jupiter Island. , University of Florida Coastal Engineering Laboratory No Abstract Available

University of Florida Coastal Engineering Laboratory - 1960 Coastal Engineering Investigation at Jupiter Island , University of Florida Coastal Engineering Laboratory No Abstract Available

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1965 Coastal Engineering Study of Hillsboro Inlet, Broward County, Florida , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1966 Field Investigation, Hillsboro Inlet , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1957 Investigation of the Hillsboro Inlet Problem Preliminary Report , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1998 Dade County, Florida, Beach Nourishment Project, Part 1: Description and Analysis of Changes , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1998 Monitoring Report: Midtown Beach Nourishment Project in Palm Beach, Florida , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1968 Offshore Breakwater for Installation at Hillsboro Inlet , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1969 Cooperative Study at Jupiter Island, Florida , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1969 Monitoring Report Midtown Beach Nourishment Project in Palm Beach, Florida , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1979 Recommended Coastal Construction Control Line for Broward County, Florida , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1980 Dade County Beach Erosion Control and Hurricane Protection Project , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1984 Coastal Engineering Investigation at Jupiter Inlet, Florida , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department - 1995 Shoreline Response and Sediment Transport in the Vicinity of Lake Worth Entrance on Palm Beach Island , University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, College of Engineering - 1967 Coastal Engineering Study for the Improvement of the Current Pattern around the Hillsboro Bridge Pier , University of Florida, College of Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, College of Engineering - 1979 Aerial Photography Interpretation of the Historical Changes on Northern Biscayne Bay, Florida: 1925 to 1976 , University of Florida, College of Engineering No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Engineering and Industrial Experimentation Station - 1972 Study Report to Determine Behavior of Project Fill for Beach Erosion Control Virginia Key and Key Biscayne, Florida , University of Florida, Engineering and Industrial Experimentation Station No Abstract Avaliable

University of Florida, Engineering and Industrial Experimentation Station - 1971 Coastal Engineering Evaluation of Planned Offshore Breakwater at Broward County Beach , University of Florida, Engineering and Industrial Experimentation Station No Abstract Avaliable

Vail, P.R. -

Mitchum, R.M. - 1977 Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level. Seismic stratigraphy-applications to hydrocarbon exploration. , Seismic stratigraphy-applications to hydrocarbon exploration: 49-212. No Abstract Avaliable

Vail, P.R. -

Shipley, T.H. - 1980 Unconformities of the North Atlantic. , Philosphical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A294: 137-155. No Abstract Avaliable

U.S. Army -

Vallianos, L. - 1990 Beach and Nearshore Placement of Material Dredged from Federally Authorized Navigation Projects , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resource Policy Study 90-PS-1. #2239

Valverde, H.R. -

Trembanis, A.C. - 1999 Summary of Beach Nourishment Episodes on the U.S. East Coast Barrier Islands. , Journal of Coastal Research 15(4): 1100-1118. This study documents that since 1923, approximately 350 million cubic yards of sand have been deposited on the US East Coast barrier island shoreline (from Long Island, New York to Fisher Island, Florida), by more than 573 beach nourishment episodes, at 154 locations. On East Coast barrier beaches, the use of beach nourishment to control coastal erosion has increased rapidly since the 1960's. Most of this volume (65%) has been placed by federally sponsored beach nourishment projects, either storm and erosion control projects or navigation projects with beach disposal of dredge spoil. However, the proportion of nourishment projects not involving federal funds (state/local and local/private nourishment projects) has been increasing.

Vause, J. - 1957 Submarine Geomorphic & Sedimentological Investigation of Part of the Florida Panhandle Coast. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Study of the sea floor is not a new field but it is one in which there has been a concentration of effort and in which rapid advances have been made in recent years. One reason for this increased effort to learn more about the processes which go on under water is the advent of the "Aqua-Lung". Hereto-fore, practically all, investigations of the sea floor have been conducted by collecting bottom samples through the use of various devices such as corers and grab samplers. While this method has yielded much valuable information, it has been defective in that the sample may not represent the unseen bottom. Trask ( 1955) stated that, "the development of "Aqua-Lungs" is one of the greatest advances in the study of recent sediments that has come about in the last 15 years." He believes that it will revolutionize the study of sediments in shallow water, and the present writer agrees with him. Dill and Shumway (1954) and Menard, et. al. (1954) have presented reports of geological work done off the California coast by the use of the "Aqua-Lung." The process, consisting of using compressed air tanks strapped to the body to allow divers freely to descend to depths of over sixty meters has become familiar to large numbers of people since World War II. National Geographic Society has published interesting accounts of the explorations of Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau, co-in- 'Vent or of the "Aqua -Lung", and his associates. Because the available literature on the subject is considered to be adequate, the technical aspects of the "Aqua-Lung" will not be discussed here. The present project was outlined after it became apparent that large areas of the continental shelf around the Gulf of Mexico could be surveyed easily by the use of SCUBA, and that these areas had been largely neglected by other workers. Although several marine surveys have been conducted in the Gulf of Mexico they have been confined largely to the deeper waters offshore. General procedure has been to sample along traverses perpendicular to shore and at intervals of several miles so that only one sample would be taken in water of less than 31 meters. While Shepard (1956), Scruton (1956) and several others have published the results of recent marine sedimentation studies conducted in the shallow waters of the Gulf, they have worked primarily off the Texas and Louisiana coasts. Little has been done along the northwest coast of Florida. It was the purpose of this investigation to make a study of part of this shallow Gulf coast shelf by actual observation through the use of SCUBA equipment. An offshore grid was established and the bottom described and samples taken at each point. SCUBA technique freed the investigators, Lapp and Vause, to examine the bottom at each station, for as large an area as was necessary to determine the typical, character at that place. Sample locations were carefully selected to make sure that various bottom sediments were properly represented. The diving was done from a boat belonging to the Oceanographic Institute of Florida State University and a small boat which was supplied by the Florida State Board of Conservation. The field work was carried on from January until the middle of June, 1956, most of it being done in May and June when weather conditions were best. It is possible to conduct diving operations the year around in the northeastern Gulf. A rubber suit enables the diver to keep relatively comfortable even though the water temperature may be cold. Weather conditions in the winter and early spring are not favorable, however. Many days are lost due to strong winds which make small boat operation very difficult. One good point in favor of winter diving is the increased visibility. This seems to be due to less organic matter suspended in the water during the colder months.

Walther, M. -

Douglas, B. - 1993 Use of ebb shoal borrow areas , The State of the Art of Beach Nourishment, Proceedings of the 6th Annual National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, p. 24-39

Walther, M.P. - 1995 Looking for sand sources further offshore, case study: Venice phase II: Sand Wars & Sand Shortages & Sand-Holding Structures , Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, p. 1-16. # JD27-001

Walther, M.P. -

Douglas, B.D. - 1993 Ebb Shoal Borrow Area Recovery , Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 18, 211-223. Fort Lauderdale, FL

Walton, T. -

Walton Jr., T.L. - 1977 Beach Nourishment in Florida and the Lower Atlantic and Gulf Coasts , Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Florida Sea Grant, Technical Report No. 2, 64p.

Walton, T. -

Walton Jr., T.L. - 1977 Beach Nourishment in Florida and the Lower Atlantic and Gulf Coasts , Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Florida Sea Grant, Technical Report No. 2, 64p.

Walton, T.L. -

Dean, R.G. - 1976 Outer bars as a source of beach nourishment material. , Shore and Beach 44(2): 13-19. No Abstract Avaliable

Wang, P. -

Davis Jr., R.A. - 1998 A beach profile model for a barred coast; case study from Sand Key, west-central Florida , Journal of Coastal Reserch, v. 14, p. 981-991

Wang, P. -

Davis Jr., R.A. - 1998 Cross-shore distribution of sediment texture under breaking waves along low-wave-energy coasts , Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 68, p. 497-506 Sediment samples were collected with streamer traps at different elevations in the water column and across the surf zone. Beach profiles and breaking waves were measured together with the sediment sampling. The experiments were conducted on beaches with various sediment composition ranging from well-sorted fine sand to poorly sorted gravel and shell debris. The cross-shore variation of sediment mean grain size ranged from less than 1 phi to significant variation of up to 3.5 phi . The resultant database contains 99 vertical grain-size profiles, composed of 99 bottom samples and 552 trap samples taken throughout the water column and at 29 different locations along the southeast coast of the United States and the Gulf coast of Florida. A homogeneous vertical profile of mean grain size and grain-size distribution pattern was found on most of the beaches with a wide range of sediment sizes. The homogeneous vertical profile, representing 92% of the measurements, was found on all morphological features: swash zone, breaker line, mid-surf zone, trough, and bar. A homogeneous distribution indicates that the vertical mixing mechanism in the water column of the surf zone is independent of sediment size ranging from fine sand to fine pebbles. Bottom sediment, represented by an 8-cm core sample, was generally coarser than the sediment trapped in the water column.

Ware, P.W. -

Kirkpatrick, S. - 1981 Preliminary geologic evaluation of portions of Cape St. George Shoal on state drilling lease 224-A, in the Gulf of Mexico, Franklin County, Florida. , Coastal Petroleum: 59. No Abstract Avaliable

Warme, J.E. -

Douglas, R.G. -

Winterer, E.L. - 1981 The Deep Sea Drilling Project: A Decade of Progress , No comprehensive synthesis of all aspects of the DSDP has appeared, and the topic coverage in this volume is biased towards the sediments and fossils, and their significance for certain aspects of earth history-paleo-geography, -bathymetry, -climatology, -oceanography, -ecology, -environments.

Warnke, D.A. - 1967 Conditions of beach retrogression in a low-energy environment. , Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 11: 47-61. No Abstract Avaliable

Waskom, J. - 1957 Quartz Grain Roundness as an Indicator of Depositional Environments of Part of the Coast of Panhandle, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Fifty-nine sand samples have been analyzed for roundness to determine the relationship between depositional environments grain roundness. The roundness study was patterned after an investigation by Heal and Shepard (1956). Roundness as used in this based on the sharpness of the corners and edges of individual grains from three size fractions. The environments were taken are: off shore, dune, beach ridge, open swash zone, protected swash zone. marsh. lagoon and river. From each of these enviromentss five samples were selected for mechanical analysis. The sorting and grain size parameters used in this analysis show no significant difference in depositional environments. Sands from certain groups of environments show distinctive roundness patterns.

Watts, W.A. -

Hansen, B.C.S. -

Grimm, E.C. - 1992 Camel Lake: A 40,000-year record of vegetational and forest history from northwest Florida. , Ecology 73: 1056-1066. No Abstract Avaliable

Wei, W. - 1985 A Sedimentological Investigation of the Beach Ridges Along the Main Land Coast of Gulf and Franklin Counties, Florida. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Three beach ridge sets, lying discontinuously along the mainland coast of Gulf and Franklin counties, are composed of large amplitude beach ridges, with individual beach ridges parallel with each other in each beach ridge set. Plots of mean-cubed deviation versus standard deviation, standard deviation versus skewness, and probability plots as well as the grain roundness Indicate that these beach ridges were formed primarily by marine processes: swash action on the beach face, rather then by eolian process. Point-by-point examination of the data reveals that there is a consistent decrease In mean grain size toward the west, Indicating that there was westward longshore drift. The eastern beach ridge set (Carrabelle beach ridge set) has rather different moment measure results than the other two beach ridge sets. This may indicate that it had a different sediment pool. Plots of mean grain size versus distance, standard deviation versus distance, kurtos is versus distance for all the three beach ridge show similar trends of change. Grain size is coarser in the older beach ridges, finer in the center of the beach ridge plain and coarser again in the younger beach ridges. The standard deviation value became larger as time passed whereas the kurtosis value decreased progressively. This may indicates that the wave energy gradually decreased and the sand pool was gradually being used up. According to their stratigraphic and physiographic relationship with the known-age geologic bodies, and the calculation of age by slope angles, the beach ridges were formed in Sangamon time(around 100,000 years before present time).

Whisonant, R.C. - 1965 Textural comparison of some ancient and modern sediments from low-energy coastal environments. , No Abstract Avaliable

Widmer, R. - 1983 The evolution of the Calusa: a non-agricultural cheifdom on the southwest Florida coast. , Anthropology. University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University: 514. No Abstract Avaliable

Williams, K. -

Pinzon, Z. - 1999 Sea-level Rise and Coastal Forests in the Gulf of Mexico. , USGS Open-File Report 99-441: 87. No Abstract Avaliable

Williams, K. -

Ewel, K.C. - 1999 Sea-level rise and coastal forest retreat on the west coast of Florida, USA. , Ecology 80(6): 2045-2063. We investigated patterns, rates, and mechanisms of forest replacement by salt marsh in relation to sea-level rise on the west coast of Florida, USA. The geomorphology of this region typifies that of low-lying, limestone coastlines considered highly susceptible to sea-level rise (e.g., much of the eastern Gulf of Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula, and low-lying limestone islands throughout the world). This coast is microtidal, shallowly sloping, and has a rate of relative sea-level rise similar to that of eustatic rise. To determine patterns of forest change in relation to sea-level rise, we examined patterns of tree species zonation, tree recruitment, and tree mortality in relation to site elevation and tidal-flooding frequency. To reconstruct histories of forest change in relation to sea-level rise, we estimated age distributions of Sabal palmetto, the most widely distributed tree species at our site, relating age structures of stands to reconstructed histories of tidal flooding in the stands. Finally, to assess the relative roles of flooding stress (hypoxia), salt exposure, and competition from encroaching salt-marsh vegetation in the decline of forest stands, we examined patterns of soil redox potential, groundwater salinity, and density of halophytic vegetation among stands in different stages of decline.

Winton, T. -

Brooks, H.K. -

Degner, J. -

Ruth, B. - 1981 Hydraulics and geology related to beach restoration in Lee County, Fl. , Remote Sensing Applications Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 134 p.

Wolfe, S.H. -

Reidenauer, J.A. -

Means, D.B. - 1988 An ecological characterization of the Florida panhandle. , U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 No. 12: 277. No Abstract Avaliable

Work, P.A. -

Dean, R.G. - 1995 Assessment and prediction of beach-nourishment evolution. , Journal of Waterway Port Coast. Eng. 121(3): 182-190. Field data from Perdido Key, Florida, describing the response of an evolving beach nourishment project and the causative forces are analyzed in terms of sediment-transport rates and gradients. Numerical models for planform and profile evolution are applied and tested against the field data. Commonly applied concepts within the coastal engineering community regarding the "depth of closure," profile "equilibration," and the best-choice coefficient for use in a predictive equation for longshore sediment transport rate are discussed. The results indicate that the beach planform may be described qualitatively by an analytical solution, and a one-line numerical model gives a reasonable quantitative description of the longshore gradient of longshore sediment transport. The depth to which longshore sediment transport gradients affect the profile appears to be much less than the depth to which profile changes are observed, illustrating the importance of cross-shore sediment transport. An existing profile-response model, slightly modified, yielded good results immediately following nourishment, but poorer results as the beach profile approached a more natural configuration.

Worzel, J.L. - 1973 Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 10. , U.S. Government Printing Office: 748. No Abstract Avaliable

Yale, K.E. - 1997 Regional Stratigraphy and Geologic History of Barrier Islands, West-Central Coast of Florida , University of South Florida, Tampa, FL Barrier island complexes typically consist of elongate and drumstick, shore-parallel islands, which are bounded by tidal inlets. The dynamics of barrier coasts rely on processes which interact to produce a specific type of barrier. Florida's west-central coastline has low tidal ranges and wave heights that combine with a wide range of tidal prisms to produce all types and sizes of barrier islands and tidal inlets. The study area extends from Anclote Key to Venice and includes transects through nine of these barrier islands. These transects have been located to provide coverage of each expected geologic set of conditions. Four to six vibracores were taken along each transect; a total of 48. A sedimentologic analysis was conducted on each core, which included a grain size analysis, determination of shell and organic content, and classification of shells and sedimentary structures. From this analysis, six Holocene facies and one subfacies were defined, as well as two pre-Holocene facies. They are Well-Sorted Sand (WSS) with a Mud-Laminated Sand (mls) subfacies, Shelly Sand (SS), Shell Gravel (SG), Muddy Sand (MS), Muddy Shelly Sand (MSS), and an Organic Muddy Sand (OMS). The pre-Holocene facies are Pleistocene Muddy Sand (PMS) and Residuum (R), which represents the weathering surface above the Miocene limestone. These facies represent different depositional environments. From these facies, stratigraphic cross-sections can be generated for each barrier island. These cross-sections include a profile across the transect, bedrock data, and core locations. These cross-sections permit categorization of each island into the wave-dominated, aggradational/transgressive type, or the drumstick, transgressive/progradational type. The cross-sections show that Anclote Key is an aggradational type barrier, Caladesi Island, Anna Maria Island, and Siesta Key are progradational barriers, and Sand Key, Indian Rocks Beach, Treasure Island, Longboat Key, and Casey Key are transgressive barriers. Stratigraphic models can then be made for Florida's west-central coast showing how changes in morphology can be traced through the development of each island. Relatively long-term trends in shoreline erosion and accretion can be identified by constructing geologic histories for the barrier islands. The identification of these trends is useful in predicting future trends in morphological changes, as well as predicting the future migration and stability of the barrier island chain.

Zeh, T.A. - 1980 Sikes Cut glossary of inlets report #7. , Florida Sea Grant Report 35, Department of Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering: 39. No Abstract Avaliable

van Richmond, R. -

Bart, P.J. - 1999 Systems tract relationships on a low subsidence shelf; offshore eastern Alabama/Northwest Florida. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1999 annual meeting. Approximately 2100 km of high-resolution seismic data from the Alabama/Florida shelf were interpreted to investigate the origin of a thick ( approximately 30 m) late Pleistocene shelf-perched seismic unit. In contrast to previous sequence stratigraphic studies, the eastern Alabama/northwest Florida study area is characterized by small coastal plain drainage systems, a narrow continental shelf, and very low subsidence rates. Moreover, the area of interest is beyond the influence of salt tectonics and growth faulting. Within a sequence stratigraphic framework, this shelf-perched unit has the appearance of a backstepped, drowned transgressive systems tract. However, seismic stratigraphic correlation indicates that locally the unit completely prograded the margin. Within our scenario, the majority of the shelf-perched unit is not transgressive, but rather part of the late highstand systems tract. Based on available age control, late-stage shelf-margin progradation is inferred to have occurred in the latest highstand of the last eustatic cycle (i.e. oxygen-isotope stage 2) when fluvial systems coalesced across the emergent coastal plain. The late Pleistocene transgressive systems tract was probably sourced by transgressive ravinement. Coastal plain sediment supply provided little new localized input during baselevel rise. The transgressive systems tract is therefore exceedingly thin with regional distribution.

von Drehle, W. - 1973 A Sedimentary Investigation of the Large, Linear Sand Bodies Exposed in the Gulf County, Florida, Canal. , Geology. Tallahassee, Florida State University. Six large-amplitude ridges roughly parallel the mainland of Gulf County, Florida. The lateral extent of the ridges is about 35 kilometers and their widths range from 300 to 1000 meters. Their height above present sea level is between 3 and 6 meters. Troughs between the ridges are from 1 to 4 meters above sea level and have a maximum width of 200 meters. The ridges are flat-topped and show very little evidence of eolian activity. Their regularity is disturbed in places by erosion or human activities. A portion of the Intracoastal Waterway system, the Gulf County Canal, cuts through the ridges, exposing them in nearly a dip section. Internal bedding is well preserved in many places in all the ridges. It is typically low angle, parallel bedding, dipping primarily seaward. Although the ridges vary in thickness, each one can be divided into three vertical zones. The lower zone occurs in the basal one-quarter to one-third of the ridges and consists of seaward dipping laminae. Dip angles average less than 5? and typically no more than five or six laminae share the same dip angle without change. The middle zone extends upward to within 0.7 to 1.5 meters from the soil horizon. It is composed primarily of seaward dipping laminae but contains up to 10% landward dipping laminae. Fore-slope dip angles average 5? to 9? and back-slope dip angles average 3? to 4?. Laminae sets showing a common dip reach up to 1 meter in thickness. The upper zone extends to the soil horizon. Bedding in this zone is obscured, probably as a result of the action of roots and ground water. Virtually all bedding appears to be of beach origin, mostly foreshore type but with minor backshore features. Eolian and current type bedding are absent. Laminations within the ridges range from less than 2 millimeters to as much as 10 centimeters in thickness. Humate masses are abundant locally and appear to be formed from decayed organic matter within the ridges. The ridges are capped by a soil profile, up to 2 which is composed of varying proportions of humus, humate, and gray to brown stained sand. Humate casts of marine molluscs occur locally in the sediment upon which the oldest ridges are built. The ridges rest on slightly consolidated marine sands showing only faint laminations. Minor sea level fluctuations during and immediately preceding the construction of the oldest ridge are indicated. A statistical analysis of ninety-one samples from various places within the ridges showed that systematic changes occur between the three established zonations within the ridges. Average mean grain size, standard deviation, and skewess decreased from the lower zone to the upper one whereas kurtosis increased. These trends correspond with profiles taken up the beach face on some Florida Panhandle beaches. The composition of the ridges is greater quartz sand which is typically white but varies locally to yellow or brown. Heavy mineral and clay content varies, but their combined total never exceeds 0.5% by weight of the total sample. Internal bedding and sediment parameters strongly suggest that these ridges are beach deposits. External morphology of the ridges resembles that of beach ridges except for the extreme width of these. Air photograph examination indicates that as many as six smaller ridges have coalesced in places to form each of the larger ridges and field evidence supports this. The Gulf County ridges are therefore suggested as being a type of beach ridge. The difference between these and the classical beach ridges is probably due to the fact that the processes which terminate one ridge to begin another were largely inoperative in this case. A large cuspate foreland of Holocene age, St. Joseph Spit, now protects the southernmost half of the ridge system from wave attack, thus allowing a late Pleistocene age for these ridges. The abundance of humate supports this conclusion.